Isikhululo seMishini iMamre Moravian -Ukulandelela imbali yamaKhoekhoen nabantu ababefudula bengamakhoboka

Apr 11

Umfanekiso: IKomiti yeLifa leMveli yaseMamre Moravian.

Imbali yaseMamre libali lobukholoniyali, ukuxhathisa, kunye nokulungelelanisa. Idolophu kunye neSikhululo seMishini sayo esime kakuhle saseMoravian simi namhlanje ukubalisa ibali lamaKhoekhoen awayehlala kule ndawo ekuqaleni, kunye nabakhululekileyo ababengamakhoboka abaze kuhlala apha bekhangela ubomi obungcono..

Kude kube namhlanje, abantu baseMamre baquka inzala yamaKhoekhoen kunye nabantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili.

Umfanekiso: IGenadendal kwinkulungwane ye18, igcisa elingaziwayo, uWilliam Fehr Collection (B8), IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali loMzantsi Afrika

Isikhululo seMishini iMamre Moravian

ICawa yaseMoravia yenye yezona nkonzo zindala kunqulo lwamaProtestanti kwaye yeza eMzantsi Afrika isuka eJamani ngenkulungwane ye18. Isikhululo seMishini iMoravian Mamre sasisesesibini ukusekwa eKapa kunye nesokuqala esasiyiGenadendal eOverberg.

Umfanekiso: UKora/uKoranna ulungiselela ukuhamba (1831). USamuel Daniell (1775-1811), Ingqokelela kaWilliam Fehr (H10), IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali loMzantsi Afrika

Iinkomo zaseGroenekloof kunye nenkampu yomkhosi

Ifama apho yayisungulwe khona iMishini yaziwa njengeGroenekloof yaze yathiywa igama elinguMamre ngonyaka we1854. Ukanti indawo leyo yayilikhaya leqela lamaKhoekhoe, iCochoqua, elalisityisa iinkomo zalo kulo mhlaba uchumileyo.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee1700, inkampani iDutch East India Company, eyaziwa ngcono phantsi kwegama layo lesiDatshi iVereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (iVOC), yavumela amafama ukuba atyise iinkomo zawo kule ndawo.

I-Longhouse. Umfanekiso: IKomiti yeLifa leMveli yaseMamre Moravian.

Phakathi komnyaka we1701 kunye nowe1791, kwasekwa inkampu yomkhosi ukuze ijongane neengxaki ezivela kuqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamafama kunye nabemi bomthonyama bamaKhoekhoe. Inkampu yomkhosini kunye nezakhiwo ezasekwa apho zazibizwa ngokuba yi “De Kleine Post”.

Ezi zakhiwo zisekho nanamhla oku kwaye ziyinxalenye yeSikhululo seMishini yaseMoravian eMamre.

I-Long House, eyaqala ngowe1697, yayisetyenziswa yiVOC njengendawo yokuhlala yasemkhosini.

Indlu yomfundisi. Umfanekiso: IKomiti yeLifa leMveli yaseMamre Moravian

Indlu yomfundisi nayo yakhiwa njengenxalenye yenkampu yomkhosi weVOC kwaye yayilikhaya likaWillem van der Stel oweza eGroenekloof ukuseka inkampu yomkhosi. Sesona sakhiwo sidala kwiSikhululo seMishini esinetywebile eyaqala ngowe1679.

Isakhiwo saseCookhouse sakhiwa ngowe1700. Sasisetyenziswa njengesikhululo samapolisa nentolongo okwexeshana, kodwa kutshanje sisebenza njengekhitshi ngamaxesha emisitho.

*Umfanekiso: Ukuhlaliswa kwabathunywa bevangeli eGroenekloof, 1818. Latrobe (1758-1836), Ingqokelela kaWilliam Fehr (H70), IZiko loLolondolozo lweMbali loMzantsi Afrika*

Ukusekwa kwesikhululo semishini

Ngowe1791, iVOC yawushiya lo mmandla, kwaye ngowe1808, emva kokuba iKapa ladlula kulawulo lwamaBritane, iDe Kleine Post kunye neefama ezimeleneyo zanikwa iCawa yaseMoravian ukuba iqale isikhululo semishini. Iifama ezidityanisiweyo ziquka iindawo zokuhlala ezimbini zamaKhoekhoen ezindala, iLouwskloof neKrywagenskraal.

Eyona njongo yesikhululo semishini yayikukuguqulela amaKhoekhoen asekuhlaleni kwinkolo yobuKrestu. Le ndawo, ke ngoko, yabonwa ifanelekile kakhulu njengoko yayiqulathe izakhiwo esele zikho ezashiywa yiVOC kunye nendawo yokuhlala yamaKhoekhoen esele isekiwe njengendawo yokwenza umsebenzi wenkolo.

AmaKhoekhoen kwisikhululo semishini

UHans Klapmuts, iNkosi yamaCochoqua, kunye nabalandeli bakhe babehlala kwifama yaseLouwskloof eyanikwa iBandla laseMoravian ngowe1808. Nangona uHans Klapmuts waye wachasa ukuguquka iminyaka engama30, uninzi lwabalandeli bakhe baguquka bafudukela kwisikhululo semishini.

KwakuseLouwskloof ngowe1808 apho inkonzo yokuqala yenkolo yaqhutyelwa kwindawo evulekileyo kubantu abalikhulu. Namhlanje kukho isikhumbuzo kuloo ndawo yokukhumbula indawo yentshumayelo yokuqala yamaKristu amaCochoqua.

Umfanekiso: Ukuhlaliswa koMthunywa eGroenekloof, 1816, Latrobe (1758-1836), Ingqokelela yePalamente

Ibali likaBenigna Johannes - umama kaMamre

URosetta Klapmuts, udadeboHans Klapmuts, wayengomnye wabahlali bokuqala kulo mishini. Wathabatha igama elithi Benigna Johannes xa wayebhaptizwa ngowe1813. UBenigna waba yiNkosi yamaCochoqua emva kokufa kukaHans Klapmuts kwaye inzala yakhe isahlala eMamre nanamhlanje.

UBenigna wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusekeni isikhululo semishini yaseMoravian eMamre kwaye ibali lobomi bakhe labhalwa kupapasho lweCawa yaseMoravian i“Benigna van Groenekloof of Mamre” eyapapashwa ngesiBhulu ngowe1873. Wayemi kakuhle ngokwentelekiso kwaye enenqwelo neenkomo. Kwakhona wayenobubele kwaye wavumela isikhululo semishini ukuba sisebenzise inqwelo yakhe kunye neenkomo ukuqokelela izinto zokwakha kunye nezixhobo zokwakha icawa.

Nangona uBenigna wafudukela eMamre, usapho lakwaJohannes lwaqhubeka nokuhlala kwifama ekufutshane yaseLouwskloof de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1970 xa basuswa ngenkani phantsi komthetho wocalucalulo.

Icawa ngeminyaka yee1930. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe laseMzantsi Afrika

Inkonzo yaseMoravian eMamre

Umsebenzi wokwakha icawa yaseMamre waqala ngowe1808 waza wagqitywa ngowe1818, nto leyo eyayenza yaba yenye yezona cawa zindala eMzantsi Afrika.

IBandla namhlanje. Umfanekiso: iZiko loLondolozo lweMbali yaseKapa, iSebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo leNtshona Koloni.

Intsimbi yafakwa ngowe1872 kwaye inobunzima be250 kg. Umfanekiso: iZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseKapa, iSebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo leNtshona Koloni.

Uhadi lwecawe iMarcusson livela eDenmark kwaye lelona hadi lokuqala. Lwenziwa ngowe1887. Umfanekiso: iZiko loLondolozo lweMbali yaseKapa, iSebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo leNtshona Koloni.

Umfanekiso: Mamre/Groenekloof (1856), Mfundisi D. W. Suhl, Ingqokelela kaWilliam Fehr (H81), IZiko loLondolozolweMbali loMzantsi Afrika

Ukufika kwabantu abakhululekileyo bengamakhoboka eMamre

Emva kokusekwa kwemishini, amaKhoekhoen asuka kwiindawo ezingqongileyo aqhubekile nokuzimanya noluntu. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabafika ngowe1838 babekhululwe bengamakhoboka ababehlala apho emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka eKapa kwangaloo nyaka.

Uvimba weCawa yaseMoravian ubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu abangama700 abafuna imvume yokuhlala eGroenekloof phakathi kweyoMqungu 1839 neyoMnga 1852 babefudula bengamakhoboka. Uninzi lwabo luphuma kwiifama ezikwisithili saseKoeberg, eBlaauberg, kunye naseMalmesbury. Abanye babesuka eSwellendam naseClanwilliam.

Umfanekiso: Isikhululo seMishini saseGroenekloof, malunga nowe1814. James Backhouse, ooVimba beNtshona Koloni (M250)

Ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kweKhoekhoen kunye 'namakhoboka' akhululweyo

Uninzi ‘lwamakhoboka’ akhululekileyo ahlala eMamre lwalusele lunento yokwenza nemishini njengoko lwalusiya kwiinkonzo zecawa apho. Kukwakho nobungqina obuqinileyo bokusebenzelana okusondeleyo kunye nobudlelwane bosapho phakathi koluntu lwamaKhoekhoe olukhululekileyo kunye nabafundi abangamakhoboka*, ababesebenza kunye kwiifama ezingqongileyo phambi kokuba abafundi ababengamakhoboka bakhululwe.

-Iirekhodi zibonisa ukuba ngomhla wesi2 kweyoMnga 1838*, uGroenekloof wabamba itheko lokubulela ukubhiyozela ukuphela kobukhoboka - into ebonisa unxulumano olusondeleyo phakathi koluntu lwamaKhoekhoe kwimishini kunye nabantu ababengamakhoboka ngelo xesha.

*Nangona ubukhoboka bapheliswa ngowe1834, amakhoboka eKapa anyanzelwa ukuba aqeqeshelwe umsebenzi iminyaka emine eyaphela ngomhla woku1 kweyoMnga 1838.

Isikolo seMishini yaseMamre Moravian. Umfanekiso: IKomiti yeLifa leMveli yaseMamre Moravian.

Indima yemishini kubomi bamaKhoekhoen kunye namakhoboka akhululweyo

Nangona ubomi kwimishini babufuna ukuba abantu baphile phantsi kwemithetho kunye nemimiselo yeCawa yaseMoravian, imishini yabonelela ngendawo apho iintsapho ezaziqhekezwe liziko lobukhoboka zinokuphinda ziqhagamshelane kwaye zakhe ubomi kunye.

Kwisikhululo semishini, abo bahlala apho bavunyelwa ukuba bafunde umsebenzi worhwebo kunye nokufama kumhlaba wemishini. Oku kuthetha ukuzimela kunye nomsebenzi ongcono kunokuba ngumsebenzi wasefama osisigxina kwiifama zabucala.

Imfundo yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenjongo zemishini yaseMoravian. Iiklasi zokuqala zesikolo zaqhutyelwa kwiNdlu kaMfundisi nakwiLong House. Ngowe1876, kongezelelwa isikolo esincinane kwezo zakhiwo zikhoyo.

Ukulima kwisikhululo semishini

Uqoqosho lwaseGroenekloof ngexesha langaphambili lwalusekwe ikakhulu kulimo lokuziphilisa.

I-Old Watermill isamile nanamhlanje kwaye ibubungqina bomhlaba wokulima ochumileyo wommandla okwincam yeSwartland - ingobozi yesonka eNtshona Koloni. Iidonki okanye iimeyile zazisetyenziselwa ukubhula nokwela ingqolowa phambi kokuba zisilwe kwiOld Water Mill. Yaqala ngowe1844 kwaye yabhengezwa njengesikhumbuzo seSizwe ngowe1973.

Inkonzo yaseMoravian eDistrict Six. Umfanekiso: Wikimedia.

IMamre nangaphaya

Njengoko iMamre yayikhula, kwakungekho mhlaba waneleyo ukuze bonke abo babezinze khona babe ngabalimi abazimeleyo. Amadoda amaninzi aphethukela kumsebenzi wasefama wamaxesha athile onyaka, ngoxa abafazi besenza imisebenzi yasekhaya.

Abanye babahlali baseMamre baye bazinza kwiindawo ezingqongileyo, kuquka iKapa, ukuze baziphilise. Kwiintsapho ezininzi zaseMamre, uhambo oluya eKapa nokubuya, ke ngoko, lwaba luhambo oluqhelekileyo. Ngowe1886, kwakukho amaMoravian amaninzi awayevela kwizikhululo zemishini yasemaphandleni eKapa, ngakumbi iMamriers, ehlala kwaye esebenza eKapa kangangokuba abavangeli basemazweni baseka iCawa yaseMoravian Hill eDistrict Six esasekho nanamhlanje.

IMamre namhlanje

Emva kweminyaka iMamre iye yaba yidolophu ezinzileyo, ebandakanya ngaphezulu lee kunesikhululo sokuqala semishini. Namhlanje, luhambo lwebhasi kuphela ukusuka kumbindi wesixeko saseKapa kwaye unakho ukuhamba yonke imihla phakathi kweMamre kunye nesithili samashishini esikumbindi. Abaninzi baye bafumana umsebenzi eAtlantis ekufutshane.

ISikhululo seMishini saseMamre sihlala siyipropati yeCawa yaseMoravian kwaye siyaqhubeka nokunceda iimfuno zomoya zoluntu. Indawo ejikeleze isakhiwo secawe yabhengezwa njengesikhumbuzo seSizwe ngowe1967 kwaye iyindawo eyaziwayo yabakhenkethi.

Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, abantu baseMamre basaqhubeka nokubhiyozela ilifa labo lamaKhoekhoen kunye namakhoboka. Le vidiyo ingezantsi yeyomsitho obanjelwe kwiCawa yeMishini yaseMamre ngowama2018 ekubhiyozeleni ukuphela kobukhoboka. Yayisingathwe liZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseKapa ngokubambisana neKomiti yeLifa leMveli yaseMamre Moravian kunye neZiko loLondolozo lweMbali iSA Sendingsgestig.

Inzala kaHans Klapmuts kunye noBenigna Johannes

UHans Klapmuts wayeyiNkosi yamaCochoqua xa isikhululo semishini sasisekwa ngowe1808. Wathi akubhubha, udade wabo uBenigna Johannes, owafumana eli gama xa wayebhaptizwa ngabavangeli baseMoravian, waba yinkosi yamaCochoqua. Walandelwa ngunyana wakhe, uNataniel Johannes, owadlulisela ubunkosi kunyana wakhe uWilhelm, waza uWilhelm wabudlulisela kuPieter Daniel.

UPieter Daniel Johannes walandelwa ngunyana wakhe, uWilliam, owasweleka ngaphambi kokuba amisele indlalifa yakhe. Udadewabo kaWilliam, osahlala eMamre, wacebisa uDavid Johannes ukuba angene ezihlangwini zikaWilliam. Namhlanje, uyiNkosi yamaCochoqua kwaye usapho lakwaJohannes lusaqhubeka lungamalungu abalaseleyo oluntu lwaseMamre.

Imithombo kunye nokufunda ngakumbi

Beck, P. 2016. “A short history of Mamre’s Moravian Mission Station”. 4 September. The Heritage Portal. [Iyafumaneka kwi-Intanethi: http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/short-history-mamres-moravian-mission-station ] Accessed: 28 November 2018.
Ludlow, E. H. 1992. “Missions and Emancipation in the south Western Cape: A case study of Groenekloof (Mamre), 1838-185”. Unpublished Masters’ Thesis [University of Cape Town]. https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/21706/thesis_hum_1992_ludlow_helen.pdf?sequence=1
Ward, K.R. 1992. “The road to Mamre: Migration, Memory, and the meaning of community c1900 -1992“ Unpublished Masters’ Thesis [University of Cape Town] https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/19006/1/thesis_hum_1992_ward_kerry.pdf
Lucien Le Grange. 1991. Moravian Mission Stations in the Western and Southern Cape: Conservation Study. https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/Moravian%20Mission%20Stations%20in%20the%20Western%20and%20Southern%20Cape%20Conservation%20Study.pdf
Personal Communication, Mamre Moravian Heritage Committee, December 2018.

Lanita van Niekerk