Cape Town Museum

View Original

uClements Kadalie

Lanita van Niekerk

UmSeki woMbutho wabaSebenzi abangama-Afrika (1896 – 1951)

UClements Kadalie owayengumfo oyindidane esaziwa kakhulu njengendoda eyaququzelela uMbutho wabaSebenzi wokuqala wama-Afrika. UMbutho wabaSebenzi beMizi-mveliso namaShishini ase-Afrika, owaziwa kakhulu ngesifinyezo sawo esiyi-ICU, wasekwa ngo-1919 unabasebenzi baseKapa edoksini. Emva kokuseka i-ICU, walandelisa ngogwayimbo olwaba nempumelelo lwabasebenzi basedoksini abangama-2,000 olwenza kwema ngxi yonk' into eKapa. Lo mfo kaKadalie wakwaququzelela inkxaso yabasebenzi abangama-Afrika e-United Kingdom naseYurophu. Le yaba yinto yokuqala kubasebenzi abangama-Afrika. Kwathi ngo-1927, xa yayifikelela kwincopho yayo, i-ICU yayikhule yanamalungu ali-100,000.

ULameck Koniwaka Kadali Muwamba, ongunyana kaMusa Kadali Muwamba owathi waziwa njengoClements Kadalie, wazalwa ngo-1896 kwiDolophana yaseChifra kwiSithili seChweba iNkhata kwilizwe elalisakwaziwa ngokuba yiNyasaland, namhlanje eliyiMalawi.

Wafumana imfundo kwiCawa yaseSkotlani kwiMishini yaseBandawe waza wathi eneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, ngo-1913, waphumelela eLivingstonia efunde wayityekeza njengotitshala. Emva koko, lo mfo owayenesiphiwo ekwaliciko lomfo ekuthetheni waya kusebenza kwisithili sezemfundo. Kodwa iSithili seChweba laseNkhata sasisincinane kakhulu kwingxilimbela enjengalo kaKadalie.

UClements Kadalie njengabo bonke abemi baseMalawi wajongis' umbombo kwelaseKapa eye kukhangel' amarhiw' aluhlaza. Wayeneminyaka nje eli-19 ubudala. Abasebenzi abangabemi baseMalawi ngelo xesha babexhaphakile ezifama nasedoksini nakwezinye iindawo zeKapa, nakwinkulungwane emva koko. Apha lo kaKadalie waba ngumtya nethunga no-Arthur Batty, usopolitiki obalaseleyo nomququzeleli wemibutho yabasebenzi owathi wahlatyw' umxhelo leli tyendyana. Kungenxa yefuthe lalo mfo kaBatty awathi uClements Kadalie wazibandakanya ekuququzeleleni abasebenzi.

Ngo-1921 uClements Kadalie wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato noJohanna ‘Molly’ Isaacs owayeneminyaka engama-27 ubudala, waseBo-Kaap, umhlolokazi omfi wakhe owayengowakwaDavidson. UMolly wayenabantwana ababini kumtshato wakhe wokuqala yaye kuClements waba nabantwana abane, u-Alexander, uRobert, uClementia, kunye noFenner.

Lo mtshato awuzange uhlale ithuba elide yaye ixesha elininzi lokukhula kwabantwana bakhe, babengamboni uyise. Ngelilixa wayenempumelelo njengoko i-ICU yayikhula ngokwamanani kwaye isiba nendima ebonakalayo eMzantsi Afrika nakwamanye amazwe, wabanjwa.

Arrested

Ngo-1926 uKadalie wayesel' ethandana nenenekazi elaliza kuba ngumfazi wakhe wesibini, u-Eva Moorehead owayeneminyaka eli-18 waseGreytown. Emva kokuzimanya kwabo ngeqhina lomtshato yaba ngu-Eva, imbelukazi emanz' andonga, ekrelekrele, nezinikeleyo kwiipolitiki owathi wabubuyisel' endleleni kwakhona ubomi bukaClements. U-Eva waba negalelo ekubhaleni umhlathi wamakhosikazi kwiBhuletini ye-ICU ekwayinkokeli yentlangano yamakhosikazikazi e-ICU. Nangona inkosikazi yakhe yokuqala uMolly wayengenamfundo engako kwaye elifudumez' ikhaya njengesikhukukazi, u-Eva yena wayengowasetyhini ofundileyo enolwazi kwaye elitsha-ntliziyo kwezepolitiki. UClements Kadalie wayenomntwana omnye kuye, ithole eliliduna uVictor, kwaye bohlulwa kukufa.

Ngo-1923 endaweni kaClements Kadalie kwangena uJames La Guma woMbutho wamaKomanisi aseMzantsi Afrika njengomququzeleli kwanomlawuli oyintloko we-ICU. Le nto yamkhulula lo kaKadalie ukuba afeze indima yakhe njengoSosiba-Jikelele. Kunyaka olandela lowo impumelelo yakhe njengomququzeleli wemibutho yabasebenzi yagalelw' amanzi ngurhulumente. Wayengabalalisi buthongo buhlayo abaqeshi nabasemagunyeni kangangokuba waphoswa ngaphaya kwezitshixo. Bakha bazama ukumbuyisela kwelakowabo uClements ngo-1924 emva kokuba evakaliswe engumphambukeli ongekho mthethweni. Wawunyasha loo myalelo owamvakalisa engumphambukeli ongekho mthethweni waza wahlala ngenkani eMzantsi Afrika. La majingi-qhiwu noku kuba ngumahamb' ehlala, kwaba nefuthe elibi kwinkosikazi yakhe nasebantwaneni, into ke leyo eyathi yongezelela uxinezeleko emtshatweni wabo.

Ngeli xesha umfo kaKadalie owayengelociko nje elikhulu kuphela, kodwa owayesaziwa ngezincoko zakhe, ubuntatheli nangeembono zakhe kwimiba eyohlukeneyo, waba nendumasi e-Afrika nakwihlabathi ngokubanzi. Walikhenketha eli limiweyo yaye ngo-1927 waxhaswa ngezimali nguMmeli uCreech Jones, ukuba aye kumela i-ICU kwiNkomfa yabaSebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe eGeneva. Ngelilixa i-ICU yayinamasebe ngamasebe eMzantsi Afrika, naseNamibhiya, eZimbabwe naseZambiya.

UClements Kadalie wayeneengcamango ezizezakhe kwezepolitiki kulo lonke uhambo lwakhe ekwakheni ubomi bakhe yaye loo nto yagxojwa kukuthanda kwakhe izinto. Kuthiwa wayezithanda iimoto, iwayini, abasetyhini nengoma. Ukuxhaphaka kobuqhinga embuthweni kwakhokelela kungquzulwano lwangaphakathi embuthweni nokuphela kwamanye amasebe awayeluqilima. Unyaka ka-1927 wawuyincopho yokunyuka kwe-ICU kodwa wawukwasisiqalo sokuwa kwayo okukhawulezileyo. Le ntlangano yagxanya ukanti ekugqibeleni yathi shwaka kwezepolitiki nakwimibutho yezabasebenzi.

I-ICU kwanenkcazelo engaye siqu, ibonisa ukuba wakhe wazayamanisa okwethutyana neengcamango zepolitiki ezohlukeneyo – uPoqo, ezabaSebenzi, uNxaxho ngakwelaseKhohlo, ubuKomanisi, ubuLibherali nobuNashinali.

Wayelandela ekhondweni likaMarcus Garvey

Ukanti bonke obu budlelwane bezepolitiki abuzange buhlale ithuba elide. Waliqalisa ikhondo lakhe ngokuncedwa ngoosopolitiki namatsha-ntliziyo ezabasebenzi abangabelungu, waza waqhubela phambili nezabaSebenzi abangama-Afrika. Wayephenjelelwa ziingcamango zikaMarcus Garvey ukanti ekuqaleni wayephenjelelwa ziingcamango zamakomanisi afana neento zooLa Guma, ooGomas kwanooThibedi abathi ngo-1926 bagxothwa kwi-ICU. Xa wathi wanyanzelwa ukuba abeke phantsi njengenkokeli ye-ICU wangena kwi-African National Congress (ANC) eyayisecekecekana ngelo xesha waza wazimanya neepolitiki zesizwe ngelilixa ngaphambili wayeneembono zehlabathi neze-Afrika iphela. Ukanti ngalixa lithile wakha waxhasa amanashinali abelungu xa 'abantu abantsundu' babesavota. UClements Kadalie wayengumfo oyindidi kwezepolitiki.

Njengoko i-ICU yayiqalisa ukuqhekeka kwabe kukho nokungquzulana kwanokuleqana, lo mbutho owawufudula umkhulu wawuqhwayel' emva okwesikhukukazi. Lo mfo kaKadalie wanyanzelwa ukuba abeke phantsi njengoSosiba-Jikelele we-ICU ngoJanuwari 1929 nguWilliam Ballinger exhaswa ngokupheleleyo sisigqeba esiphetheyo. Kwaba kwangeli xesha apho uMolly wathi wasungula iinkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato. Ngaphezulu, uKadalie nezinye iinkokeli ezintandathu zombutho wabasebenzi babanjwa phantsi koMthetho woLawulo lwabaNtsundu betyholwa ngokuphemba ubutshaba obunobuhlanga kubantu abantsundu ngasebelungwini. Lowo ke yaba ngunyaka eyapatyalaka ngawo ibhobhini kwinto kaKadalie.

Noko kunjalo, kuwo onke la mahla-ndinyuka ebomini bakhe wakha wathi xhaa ngokubalasela waza wasungula isebe elilelakhe le-ICU eMonti waza waba ngumququzeleli wephondo we-African National Congress. Ngokuthi sisuse lo kaKadalie njengenkokeli ye-ICU, isigqeba esasisithi ngelaso sizama ukuhlangula i-ICU, sathi kanti siyombela ingcwaba ngokwaso.

Kwiminyaka yoo-1930 neeyoo-1940 uClements Kadalie wazama ukuvuselela i-ICU kodwa watsho phantsi kwaqhum' uthuli.

Waba nochulumanco kusakusekwa uMbutho woLutsha lwe-ANC phakathi koo-1940 kwaye amatyendyana afana noo-Anton Lembede nooWalter Sisulu kwanabanye ayefuna igalelo lakhe kwezepolitiki nezabasebenzi eMzantsi Afrika. Babengayivali imilomo ngobulumko bakhe kwanangezinto azifezileyo. UClements wayecinga ukuba le yimbonakaliso sokuvuselelwa kwe-ICU ngokukhawuleza. Wayewuphosile umhlola, kuba le yayiyimbonakaliso yokutshintshwa kwe-ANC ekubeni yintlangano eyayisidla ngendeb' endala enamalungu angama-4,000 kuphela kulo lonke ilizwe, ibe namakhulu amawaka amalungu kwaye ibe yimbumba enkulu yezepolitiki. Ikakhulu oku kwabangelwa ziinkokeli ezithile ezifana nooLa Guma kwanooGomas abathi bekunye noCissie Gool nabanye babumba uMbutho weNkululeko weLizwe ngo-1935 (kwabe kukho ne-United Front ecaleni).

Indili kwanesithozela sikaKadalie saphela nya yabe imibutho yezepolitiki neyezabasebenzi ingenanimba. Imibutho yezabasebenzi eMzantsi Afrika yamkela ingcamango entsha yemibutho yezamashishini athile (into ethi makubekho umbutho omnye kuhlobo ngalunye loshishino, kunombutho wabo bonke abasebenzi nabaqeshi ongaphandle kweendawo zabo) ongasekhohlo kwezepolitiki. Imibutho yezabasebenzi yatshintsha kakhulu.

Noko ke, uClements Kadalie washiya umbhalo ongacimekiyo kwimbali yoMzantsi kwanamaZantsi e-Afrika. Wonke umntu uya kulikhumbula iqhakraqhakra letyendyana elinesiphiwo laseMalawi elifanele livunywe njengomseki wemibutho yezabasebenzi abantsundu eMzantsi Afrika.

Kutyelelo lwakhe kwelaseMalawi ngo-1951 walala ngandletyana-nye waza endleleni eya ku-Eva eMonti wanabel' uqaqaqa.

  • ImiThombo eCatshuliweyo

  • UThapelo Mokoatsi; Ukufumanisa okubhalwe nguClements Kadalie – UmBhali weziNcoko, umfo onezimvo nenkokeli enengqiqo 1896 – 1951; http://www.thejournalist.org.za/pioneers/discovering-clements-kadalies-writing

  • UHenry Mitchell; Uyabulane onamanyundululu okanye inkokeli ephum' izandla Izimvo zoluntu nokuthi cwaka emacaleni kwimbali engoClements Kadalie https://www.academia.edu/33844317/Debaucherous_scoundrel_or_dynamic_leader_Public_projections_and_private_silences_in_the_biographies_of_Clements_Kadalie?auto=download

  • UHenry Mitchell; I-Afrika enTsha ilungele ukulandela iinkokeli ezikhaliphileyo - UClements Kadalie, i-ICU kwaneMibutho yezabaSebenzi abaNtsundu kumaZantsi e-Afrika yoo-1920; UHenry Mitchell, weYunivesithi yase-Edinburgh (henry.mitchell@ed.ac.uk,

  • IPhepha leNgqungquthela elanikezelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseKapa, ngomhla wesi-7 kuJuni 2016

  • ULucien van der Walt; UKadalie, Clements(ca. 1896–1951); https://www.scribd.com/document/108821033/Van-

  • Der-Walt-Kadalie-Clements-CA-1896-1951

  • Iimbali ezinge-SAHO; UClements Kadalie; Imbali ye-SA kwi-Intanethi; www.sahistory.org.za/people/clements-kadalie

  • URoth, M; UClements Kadalie, 1896–1951; Bayiguqula iNkulungwane Yethu: Abemi boMzantsi Afrika abebeneMpembelelo eNkulu kwiNkulungwane yamaShumi amaBini; UHuman noRousseau; eKapa; USkota, T. D. M. (Ed.) (1966)

  • UClements Kadalie; UBomi Bam ne-ICU: IBali eliBhalwe nguMququzeleli weMibutho yezabaSebenzi abaNtsundu eMzantsi Afrika; Frank Cass & Co; London (ngo-1970)

  • URasool C; UmNtu, iMbali yaKhe siQu/nembali engaye kwaneMbali eMzantsi Afrika; ingxoxo yePhD, yeYuni. yaseNtshona Koloni; eKapa (ngo-2004)

Iisayithi, imiThombo eluNcedo & nabaNtu