ULouis van Mauritius
INkokeli yeMvukelo yamaKhoboka (1778 - 1808)
Ngomhla wama-25 ku-Oktobha 1808 kwaqhambuka imvukelo yamakhoboka eKapa, ekhunjulwa 'njengeMvukelo yeJij’ eyayikhokelwa ngamakhoboka anguLouis waseMauritius no-Abraham van der (wase) Kaap benxibe iyunifomu efana neyomkhosi. Ngolo suku, ngamakhoboka angaphezu kwama-326, kuquka imbinana yabasebenzi abasikelwe ixesha bamaKhoena kwanoomatiloshe ababini abangama-Irish ababa nenxaxheba kwimvukelo eququzelelweyo eyaphekwa kwindawo yentselo ekwichweba laseKapa (eStrand Street) yaza yaqaliswa kwindawo yokulima ingqolowa yaseSwartland kwifama ebizwa ngokuba yiVolgelgezang (Untyilo-ntyilo weentaka).
Inkokeli yale mvukelo yayilikhoboka elinama-30 eminyaka ubudala egama linguLouis van Mauritius, owafika eKapa eyinkwenkwe eneminyaka emi-4 ubudala. Wathengiswa kwinqanawa eyayidlula kusapho lwakwaKirsten. ULouis wazalelwa e-Isle de France sithethanje eyaziwa njengeMauritius. Njengoko kwakulisiko ukuthiya isizukulwana sokuqala samakhoboka athengwe kwezinye iindawo, wabizwa ngokuba nguLouis van Mauritius. Ukanti isizukulwana sesibini samakhoboka azelelwe eluhlanga olungumxube sasinikwa ifani 'engu-van der Kaap [waseKapa]’ yaye isizukulwana sesithathu samakhoboka sona sasinikwa igama lokuqala likayise olikhoboka libe yifani.
UbuKhoboka eKapa
Ukususela ngo-1652 – 1834 ubukhoboka babuyinkqubo eqhelekileyo kwiKoloni yaseKapa baza banwenwela kulo lonke eloMzantsi Afrika njengoko amaBhulu ayehambahamba ngenjongo yokuseka imihlaba emitsha yobukholoniyali. Kwanasemva kokubhangiswa kwabo, abantu ababebizwa ngokuthi ‘ngamakhoboka alibhaso’ baqhubeka besiziswa de kwango-1845 yaye babebekwa phantsi kwabaqeshi ngaphantsi kwezivumelwano ezide ezingenasiphelo ezisikelwe ixesha ezazifana nqwa nobukhoboka. Ukususela ngo-1652 ukuya kutsho ngo-1808 ayengama-63 000 amakhoboka esizukulwana sokuqala awaziswa eKapa kwaze kwaziswa amanye ubuncinane ali-15 000 ‘lamakhoboka alibhaso’ ukususela ngo-1808 ukuya ku-1856. La manani awaquki amakhoboka amaninzi angekhoyo kwiingxelo awaziswa eKapa okanye amawakawaka amaKhoena omthonyama namakhoboka angamaSan nabanye abemi bomgquba base-Afrika awayethathwa yimikhosi yamaBhulu ethunyelwa ngaphaya kwemida yeKapa. Kwakhona awaquki amawakawaka abantu ababekhotyokiswa abazizizukulwana ngezizukulwana ababezalwa zizizukulwana zokuqala ezazingabantwana ababengamakhoboka. Amakhoboka asisizukulwana sokuqala awayeziswa evela kwamanye amazwe aquka i-17 315 lamakhoboka ankaba ise-Indiya, ama-47 150 amakhoboka ankaba ise-Afrika kunye naseMadagascar, nali-13 545 asinqe sikwisiqithana sase-Indonesia. Awokugqibela 'amaKhoboka axaBisekileyo’ aweziswa eKapa, agaleleka ngo-1890 – ingamakhoboka angama-Oromo ankaba yawo iseSomaliya.
Ukongezelela kumsebenzi oqobayo, ayesohlwaywa ngeyona nkohlakalo nangeyona ndlela imanyumnyezi xa evukela. Isohlwayo kulo lonke ulawulo lwe-VOC ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 (ngexesha lokulawula kweBatavia) neminyaka yokuqala yolawulo lwamaBritani sasigadala yaye simanyumnyezi gqitha. Ezi zohlwayo zaziquka ukubethelelwa emnqamlezweni, ukukrwitshwa ngento, ukuqhawulwa amalungu omzimba, ukutshiselwa epalini, ukubethelelwa emthini, ukuntywiliselwa emanzini nokutyunyuzwa ephila. Esinye isigwebo esasithandwa kumakhoboka afunyaniswe enetyala lokungaziphathi kakuhle okwahlukahlukeneyo yayikukurhuqwa nokusikelelwa (ukurhuqwa ezitratweni nokusikelelwa amalungu omzimba ngaphambi kokuba axhonywe).
ULouis oseLula & noMbutho wokuPheliswa kobuKhoboka
Yimeko elolu hlobo eyathi inkwenkwana elikhoboka enguLouis van Mauritius yathengiselwa kuyo. UWillem Kirsten, owayethenge uLouis, wayengunyana wesine kasomashishini ongummi onempembelelo ongumJamani uJohan Friedrich Kirsten. UWillem wayetshate noMaria Catharina Grove ngo-1880 yaye bekunye bathenga uLouis owayelusana olulikhoboka kwichweba lamanzi.
ULouis wakhuliswa engumntwana ngabakwaKirstens elikhoboka labo. Nakubeni engazange abhaptizwe wanikwa imfundo esisiseko, evunyelwa ukuba aye kwiiklasi zesikolo ibe wakhuliswa eyiqonda inkolo yobuKristu. Ngethuba eneminyaka eli-12 ubudala wayengasenguye ngoku umntwana kodwa wayesele edlulele ekubeni ngumsebenzi olikhoboka owayesenza inzuzo kwaye ebenzela ingeniso abanini bakhe. ULouis kwakuqeshiswa ngaye kwabanye abantu, into ke eyayiqhelekile ngelo xesha.
ULouis wayeneminyaka nje emihlanu kuphela xa uWilliam Wilberforce waseka uMbutho wokuPheliswa kobuKhoboka eNgilani ngo-1783. Ngeli xesha amakhoboka ayesagaleleka njengemvula eKapa ephuma e-Afrika ikakhulu. Lo mkhuba waqhubeka ukhula kwaze kwathi emva kolawulo lwamaBritani ngo-1806, aba nochatha ngokuphindwe kane amaxabiso amakhoboka. Ngexesha uLouis wayengena kwishumi leminyaka, kwaqhambuka iMvukelo yamaFrentshi kwaye yaba nefuthe kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu kwihlabathi jikelele. Yaba nefuthe elimandla naseKapa. Kwiminyaka elishumi eyalandelayo amatsha-ntliziyo okupheliswa kobukhoboka anjengoGqr. Johannes van der Kemp babemi bume eKapa. Imvukelo nokubhokoda kwamakhoboka kwasasazeka.
Kwiminyaka yokufikisa kwenzeka udederhu lweziganeko ezaziza kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwikamva likaLouis waseMauritius. Ngo-1791 kwaqhambuka imvukelo eSt Dominique kwii-Caribbean eyathi kwisiphelo sayo esaba yimpumelelo ngo-1804 labe itshoba lilel' umbethe kubantu abangaphezu kwama-300 000 macala omabini. Njengoko yayikhokelwa nguToussaint l`Overture ngokuchasene namakholoniyali angamaFrentshi, le mvukelo yamisela iriphabhliki yokuqala yabantsundu yamakhoboka anemvukelo eyabizwa ngokuba yiRiphabhliki yaseHaiti.
Ngo-1794 kwabhengezwa ukupheliswa kobukhoboka eFransi. Ngo-1794 amakhoboka awabalekayo aqalisa iMfazwe iMaroon eJamaica. Kwalandela iMvukelo yamaKhoboka angamaFeron ngo-1796 eGrenada kwakwiiCaribbean ngokuchasene namaBritani. Olu gwayimbo losulela zonke iindawo zamakholoniyali ezixhomekeke kumakhoboka, kuquka iKapa. Olunye ungquzulwana olwaba nefuthe kuzo zonke ikoloni zamaBritani yiMvukelo yama-Irish aManyeneyo olwaluchase uLawulo lweBritani e-Ireland. Irhuluneli yaseBritani eKapa ngo-1806 yayingunyana wenkosi ekudidi oluphezulu kwelase-Ireland. Imvukelo yama-Irish aManyeneyo yonganyelwa libutho laseBritani elalisaziwa ngokuthi zii-Dragoons. Elinye ibutho lee-Dragoon laye kamva layicima imvukelo kaLouis waseMauritius.
Ifuthe lezidubedube eYurophu laqala lavakala eKapa xa yathi yahlalwa ngamaBritani ngo-1795. Le ntlalo yawo yaphela ngo-1803 xa iKapa labekwa phantsi koLawulo lweBatavia yamaDatshi ngaphantsi kweBhunga lamaFa ase-Asiya leRiphabhliki laseBatavia (eJakarta).
Ngaphambili iKapa laliphantsi kolawulo lweDutch East India Company (iVOC). Ulawulo lwe-VOC kwelaseKapa ukususela ngo-1652 lwafikelela kumagqibela kankqoyi ngo-1795. I-VOC yabhanga ngenxa yamatyala ngo-1798. ULouis wayesebenza kwichweba laseTable Bay ngeli xesha, indawo eyayinguvimba wokudimbaza ulwazi ngeziqhubeka ehlabathini jikelele. Inxili yeentsomi zoomatiloshe ifanele ukuba yayimshiya onwabile uLouis oselula. Ngeli xesha uLouis kwaqeshiswa ngaye ukuba esebenze njengomsebenzi ofukuzayo– umthwali wemithwalo, into leyo eyamnika ithuba lokunxulumana namanye amakhoboka awayekwezo meko.
ULouis iKhoboka ekuQeshiswa ngalo
Ngo-1800 umtshato kaWillem Kirsten noMaria Catharina Grove waphelela ekwahlukaneni ngokusemthethweni. ULouis waba yimpahla kaMaria Grove yaye waqhubeka eqeshisa ngoLouis kwabanye njengomsebenzi ezenzela ingeniso. Into engaqhelekanga neyayincitha kakhulu kukuba ngoku wayeqeshiswe ngeeRixdolla ezili-12 ngenyanga kwinkosikazi yakhe ngenkqu, u-Anna owayengowasetyhini ontsundu okhululekileyo. Wandula ke walinikel' umva ikhaya lakwaGrove esiya kwikhaya lenkosikazi yakhe u-Anna ngaphantsi kwebhalkhoni yakwaStadler kufuphi nezitali zakwaWindell kwa-18 eStrand Street. Apha uLouis nomkakhe u-Anna, inkosikazi eyayindala kakhulu kuye, bazifumanela amahashe amathathu baza baqeshisa ngawo ngelokuzenzela ingeniso. Ngeli xesha uLouis wayencedisa usibari wakhe u-Abraham Anthonissen kwindawo yakhe yentselo enesiqinisekiso.
ULouis waseMauritius babuntsonkothe ngokwenene ubomi bakhe. Wayelikhoboka kodwa kwangaxesha-nye 'wayeqeshiswa' kwinkosikazi yakhe ekhululekileyo ngaloo ndlela ekwazi ukuphila umyinge othile wobomi obukhululekileyo logama nje imali yayisiya kumnini wakhe uNkskz Grove.
Ngoko ke kwakuxhomekeke kuLouis no-Anna ukwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze bafumane ingeniso ethe chatha ukuze bahlawule irenti nokuqinisekisa ukuba banesixhaso. Babenawo amacebo okuphila ngendlela abenza ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uNkosazana Grove uyazifumana iintlawulo zakhe. Kodwa kufanele ukuba yayisirhuqa phantsi isidima sikaLouis owayelawulwa yiyo yonke imithetho, imigaqo nemimiselo yenkqubo yobukhoboka ngelilixa inkosikazi yakhe yayikhululekile.
Ngo-1806 kwaqhambuk' idabi laseBlaauwberg phakathi kwemikhosi exhasa amaFrentshi aseKapa namaBritani. Ii-Dragoons zama-20 zagaleleka eKapa yaye zaba yinxalenye yemikhosi yamaBritani eyayibetha yaya kuxela imbumba yamaDatshi namaFrentshi eBlaauwberg. Iiyunifomu nezixhobo zabafileyo eyayithe saa kwindawo yedabi eBlaauwberg yathathwa, enye kuyo yathathwa ngamakhoboka.
Mhlawumbi zafumaneka ngolu hlobo iiyunifomu nezixhobo uLouis namahlakani akhe abazifumana ngondlela-mnyama belungiselela imvukelo yabo kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Kwakhona ngokuqinisekileyo bafunda kweli dabi ukuba alikho ikroti lemihla ngemihla emfazweni. Igunya elinye elibonakala linamandla lingathathelwa indawo lelinye. IKapa lathathwa luLawulo lwamaBritani kwaye iKapa yathiwa jize ngeqhuzu lokuba yiKoloni yesiThsaba saseBritani.
Ngo-1807 ukurhweba ngamakhoboka kwabhangiswa eBritani kwaye uMkhosi waseManzini waseBukhosini waqalisa ukujikeleza kumalwandle ngelithintela ukurhweba ngamakhoboka. Ubukhoboka kwiikoloni baqhubeka busetyenziswa kangangeminye iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Amakhoboka amatsha ayesaziswa kule koloni ngeendlela ezigwegwelezayo, kodwa kungenxa yoMkhosi waseManzini waseBukhosini ezazizisa 'umthwalo wamaKhoboka ebhaso' asuka kwiinqanawa ezirhweba ngamakhoboka ezathi zathintelwa. La makhoboka ayesenexabiso kwiintloko zawo kwaye akazange akhululwe. Ayetshiselwa ngombhalo aze anikwe amafama kangangexesha elisikiweyo ukuze asebenzele ukufumana uqeqesho nomvuzo ophantsi kangangeminyaka eli-14 ngaphambi kokuba afumane inkululeko. Le nto yayiyimpoxo kwelinye lamagama wayesaziwa ngalo, elileli ‘ama-Afrika aKhululekileyo’.
IYelenqe
Wadibana kwezi meko ke uLouis namadoda amabini angama-Irish, uJames Hooper noMichael Kelly kwindawo yentselo yoomatiloshe yasechwebeni apho bayipheka khona imvukelo yamakhoboka ka-1808. Le ndawo yentselo yayiyindawo ekwakubaliselwana ngayo amabali neyokuphakelana ngezimvo. Kukule ndawo yentselo uLouis awayesebenzela kuyo usibari wakhe, apho wathi wadibana noJames Hooper, inkwenkwe eyabalekayo eyisebenza kwikhebhini isebenzela uKapteni wenqanawa eyayidlula. ULouis waba ngumhlobo kaJames waze wamzimelisa kwikhaya lakhe nomkakhe u-Anna. Kumabali awayewabalisa uJames, uLouis weva ngemizabalazo yenkululeko kwelase-Ireland, eFransi, eHaiti nezinye iindawo. Baxoxa ngokubhangiswa korhwebo lwamakhoboka kwipalamente yamaNgesi ngo-1807. Iindaba ezazivela kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi zazimalunga nokungaxoli nezidubedube. Umoya onomsi wegumbi elingasemva lale ndawo yentselo wawuzaliswe yingxoxo engemvukelo, inkululeko, ukulingana nobumbano. Njengoko isiNgesi sikaLouis sasingagqibanga, esi sibini sangenelwa ngu-Abraham waseKapa, owayelelinye ikhoboka, elalisebenza njengetoliki ethinjiweyo.
Ngomhla wetyala lakhe kamva uLouis wanika ubungqina ngengxoxo eyayikwindawo yentselo; “Ndivile ukuba bonke abantu bakhululekile kwamany' amazwe, kwaye baninzi kakhulu abantu abantsundu abalapha abanokukhululeka nabo nokuthi sifanele silwele inkululeko yethu sandule ke sithi – kwanele!”
Iingxoxo zaya zisiba shushu njengoko iintsuku zaziqengqeleka zaza kungekudala zaphelela ekuphekweni kwazo, yabe inguLouis opheth' iintambo. Enye indoda engum-Irish uMichael Kelly, owayengumsebenzi onesivumelwano owashiya inkosi yakhe, wazimanya ekuhambeni kwethuba neli qela. ULouis wayesel' esithathile isigqibo esiyintloko sokuba babeza kuba nempumelelo kakhulu ekugayeni nasekuququzeleleni amakhoboka asemaphandleni awayeza kuthi enze umngcelele edolophini. ULouis wayenabantu abaziyo eMalmesbury kwifama eyayibizwa ngokuba yiVogelgezang. Lo mfo wayeza kulinceda eli qela. Wayekwalelinye ikhoboka elinguJephta waseBatavia owayekhe wangumthwali wemithwalo. Ngexesha lemvukelo wayenenkosi entsha kwifama yaseVogelgezang, uPetrus Louw. Iqela leenkokeli zeli qela zadibana edolophini nelinye ikhoboka elalibalekile, u-Adonis waseCeylon.
IMvukelo
Ngaphambi kokuba bayitshay' isaqhuma, uJames Hooper no-Abraham owayeyitoliki benjenjeya ukuya eMalmesbury besiya kudibana noJephta waseBatavia. Bayihlola yonke loo ndlela. Njengoko zonke izicwangciso namalungeselelo ayemi ngendlela, uLouis wathengisa amahashe akhe waza wathenga izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze benze iyunifom eyiyeyabo efana neyomkhosi wasemanzini eyayinobugocigoci. Wakhetha iyunifomu yomkhosi wasemanzini wama-Spanish eyayineentsiba zenciniba emnqwazini wakhe, inezihombiso emagxeni. Wathenga namakrele amabini. Wayenemali eyoneleyo yokuqesha abantu abangakrokreli nto bokuqhuba iinqwelo zamahashe kwanenqwelo yamahashe enesipani esipheleleyo samahashe amathandathu amnyama kwanomphako weentsuku eziliqela.
Lisakufika kwifama yaseVogelgezang eli qela leza neqhinga elabashiya bebamb' ongezantsi lisakufumanisa ukuba umfama wayesathe tsii kude nekhaya. UNkskz Louw, inkosikazi yalo mfama nabantwana bakhe abahlanu babethwa ngemf' iphindiwe. ULouis owayenebala elilubhelu wathi uyiKapteni yaselwandle ‘engumSpanish’ kwaye amadoda angama-Irish wona azenza amagosa omkhosi waseBritani. Hayi ke badekelw' itafile benikwa ooni nooni. Ngentsasa elandelayo, uLouis wakhupha isibhilivana somgunyathi esivela kwiGunya lezeeRhafu esikhulula onke amakhoboka akule fama yaye eyalela ukuba ahambe naye ukuya kwiRhuluneli. UNkskz Louw owayewakhuphe nasentloko amehlo wabhokoda kodwa akazange ahoywe. UJephta wathi amakhoboka alithoba nesicaka esingumKhoena mabazimanye neli qela elathi lajolis' imibombo kwezinye iifama ezazisendleleni eya eKapa bekhulula onke amakhoboka. UHooper noKelly babebaleke phambili besiya kwezinye iifama. Babegqibe ekubeni mabadibane ndaweni ithile emveni kokuba belugqibile uhamo lwabo. Kamva kwabonakala ukuba bangenwa ngumoya wezikhova besakwahlukana noLouis. UMichael Kelly waludelela olu manyano. Wangqineka engungantweni wewexu-wexu, uzungul’ ichele ichebesha lechelesi. Iinkokeli ezasalayo zalahlulahlula iqela, zifaka abagaywa abatsha kumaqela amancinane kwifama nganye ezazidibana nayo. Njengoko babeqhubela phambili baya besiba nesibindi. Amanye amakhoboka nezicaka ezingamaKhoena zalikholelwa ibali likaLouis zokuba wayethunywe yiRhuluneli ukuya kubakhulula ngelilixa abanye bavela nje bangen' emxholweni, besazi ukuba le yayiyimvukelo. Babebangqinga abelungu, bakhuphe imiyalelo ngokungathi ngoku iinkosi zawo yayingawo amakhoboka beziphophelela. Ngaphandle kwezihlandlo ezimbini zempatho eqatha kubathinjwa abaziinkosi namakhosikazi azo ziquka ukubethwa nokudlwengula, ukanti amakhoboka awayephantsi kolawulo olundilisekileyo lukaLouis aziphatha ngendlela engumzekelo nangona le mvukelo yayishushu. Kodwa kolu hambo amakhaya ayerhwaphilizwa kuthathwa nezixhobo, iimbumbulu, ukutya, iwayini, iimpahla nezinto zokondlala.
Aba bavukeli bahamba iifama ezingama-34 bethimba amafama neentsapho zawo njengamabanjwa bandula ukwenjenjeya ukujonga eKapa, apho babejonge ukuphakamisa iflegi yabo (ebomvu krwe) baze balwe de bakhululeke. Angaphezu kwama-40 kwanoonyana bawo abathinjwa babotshelelwa kwiinqwelo zamahashe. Lo mngcelele omde kungekudala wakhula waba namakhoboka nezicaka zamaKhoena angaphezu kwama-326. Kwindawo ekwakuvunyelwene ukuba kuza kudityanwa kuyo eSalt River amahlelo amathathu abavukeli ahamba ngeendlela ezintathu ukusinga eKapa apho babejonge ukuhlasela indawo enezixhobo zase-Amsterdam, bajolise imipu kwiNqaba, bandule bathethathethane ngoxolo negunya likarhulumente lamakhoboka akhululekileyo. Babengenalo uqeqesho okanye amava okulwa idabi bengenayo nenduku abayifihl' emgqubeni xa kunokwenzeka ukuba lingaphumeleli icebo labo kumkhosi onamandla woBukhosi baseBritani. Kodwa umnqweno wenkululeko kula makhoboka wawumkhulu kunoloyiko lwawo lwemiqobo ababejongene nayo.
Ekuqaleni le mvukelo yahamba ngokwezicwangciso yaye yafezekiswa kakuhle. Kwandula ke kanye ngexesha elibalulekileyo kwavela iziphene zayo eziyingozi kwaye lonke ithemba lenkululeko laphelela kwintlekele. Yonke le nquleqhu yaphela nje kwisithuba seentsuku ezimbini. Kwindawo ekwadityanwa kuyo eSalt River, ii-Dragoons ezazithunyelwe yiRhuluneli yaseKapa yelo xesha, iNkosi uCaledon, zahlasela uhlelo lwabavukeli yabe iyacinywa loo mvukelo. Abo babekumngcelele basukelwa, bathinjwa, bavalelwa, bancinwa ngemibuzo yaye abangama-51 basiwa ematyaleni. Mhlawumbi ukuba le mvukelo yayenziwe ngaphambili ngexesha le-VOC ngeyayisethubeni elingcono lokuphumelela.
Ngethuba lesi siphendu uLouis wayesoloko ekhuthaza umoya wabo ungehli yaye ephucula uququzelelo lwesi siphendu. Iqhinga lokuqala lokwenza ngathi nelokukhohlisa amakhaboka ukuba akholelwe ekubeni ayekhululwe, laguqulwa apha endleleni ibe kwakungekho nencinane intandabuzo yokuba le yayiyimvukelo. Umbhali-mbali wobukhoboka uNigel Worden uthi ebudeni bemini, uLouis wabeka amagosa ekukhokeleni amabutho aliqela abavukeli waza wabanika amakrele yaye waqinisekisa ukuba bakhwela amahashe. Lo kaWorden uthi uLouis wayengqongqo, ebohlwaya abo babedelela imiyalelo yakhe. Imvukelo ka-1808 yayingesosiphithiphithi nje esingenasihlahla, njengoko abasemagunyeni (kwanabanye abagqabazi bakamva) bekholelwa njalo. Le yayiyintshukumo ecwangciswe ngenyameko eyayijoliswe ekubhukuqeni nokubuyisela ucwangco kwezentlalo ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqondiso yamagunya abanini bamakhoboka. Hlalutyo lwakhe lwesi siganeko lo kaWorden uthetha oku kulandelayo kwinqaku lephephandaba elalibhiyozela ukugqiba kwesi siganeko iminyaka engama-200 ngo-Oktobha 2008.
“Yayimbonakaliso emangalisayo yolungelelwano, xa sicinga ngonxibelelwano oluntemntem lwelo xesha, ukuswela amava ezomkhosi, umgama omde owahanjwayo phakathi kwedolophu namaphandle, imimango enzima, nokuntsonkotha kweli cebo ngokunokwalo. Ukongezelela koku, lucwangco nondiliseko lweli phulo nesibakala sokuba laqhuba ngaphandle kokuqatshelwa ngumkhosi omninzi, oxhobe wafohlela nonamava amaninzi waloo maxesha. Into yokuba iqela elincinane labavukeli abazinikeleyo lenze oku inkulu ngokwenene, xa sicinga ngezo meko”.
Ngexesha elibaluleke kunene kwindawo ekwadityanwa kuyo ukuze kutyhalelwe phambili, amadoda amabini angama-Irish uJames Hooper noMichael Kelly babengabonakali nangetshengele. U-Abraham itoliki naye waya kuzimela yaye xa imikhosi yee-Dragoon yabonakala isiza kuhlelo, amakhoboka aqalisa ukuthi pheselele ngokukhawuleza. Abavukeli ababengaxhobanga kakuhle nababengenamava babengeyonto kwii-Dragoon kwaye amahlelo ababelek' abasicatyana esakubona imikhosi isiza. Amajoni awangqinga amakhoboka kwathi ngengomso inkoliso yamakhoboka aseleyo azibeka phantsi izikhali ngokwawo kwiindawo ezimbini – kwiNqaba iKnokke naseMaastricht. Ekuqaleni zonke iinkokeli zasimbel' isinqe zaya kuzimela. UHooper, uKelly no-Abraham baba ngabokuqala ukubanjwa. ULouis walandw' ekhondweni waza ekugqibeleni wabanjwa kwindawo yentselo eseWynberg.
ITyala & nesiGwebo
Besakubakho bonk’ abantu abaphemba lo mlilo, bancinwa ngemibuzo. Inkoliso yabo yagwetywa ngaphambi kwetyala yaye ngale ndlela abavukeli abangama-326 bancipha baya kutsho kuma-51 awakhethwayo ukuba axoxe ityala eliphambili. Iinkokeli ezintlanu nabanye abangama-46 lavavanywa kwiNkundla yezoBulungisa ityala labo. Mnye kuphela owafunyaniswa engenatyala kuzo zonke izityholo.
Ngelilixa ezinye iinkokeli zaziphikisana enkundleni, uLouis yena wema kwizinto wayezikholelwa xa enika ingcaciso. Waxoxa ngelithi wayehleli enembeko ngethuba lale mvukelo. Wayenyanisekile ekuchaseni kwakhe ubukhoboka yaye ekholelwe kwelokuba waziphatha kakuhle nangona iinkundla zayibiza le mvukelo ngokuthi sisenzo sobugqwirha. UMichael Kelly waba lilulwane yena. U-Abraham wenza intetho eyachaza intsingiselo yale mvukelo:
“[N]gomso lo usayo xa iflegi yedabi ebomvu krwe okwegazi iphakanyiswa ube umlo wenkululeko uphelile, nizakutsho nithi xa nithetha ngabafazi beenkosi zenu Sij (Yena) nikwiinkosi zenu Jij (Yena).”
La magama obucaka — ukubiza iinkosi zabo zabelungu ngokuthi ‘yena’ kuneendlela ezifanelekileyo zokubabiza — kwaqhubeka kuyimbambano de kwayiNkulungwane yama-20.
Abalishumi elinesithandathu kwaba bavukeli bagwetyelwa ukufa yiNkundla. IRhuluneli uNkosi uCaledon wangenelela eguqula izigwebo zokufa zabali-11. ULouis waseMauritius, uJames Hooper, u-Abraham waseKapa noJephta waseBatavia bagwetyelwa ukufa ngokuxhonywa ngenxa yendima yabo njengeenkokeli. UCupido waseJava owadlwengulayo naye wagwetyelwa ukufa. Ungcothoza onguMichael Kelly yena zange afumane nesinjani isohlwaye kwayo wemka eKapa.
ULouis wakwazi ukuba nesibindi sokuphuncula entolongweni emveni kokugwetywa kwakhe kodwa wabuyiselwa ngumntu owayefuna imbuyekezo. Inkosikazi kaLouis u-Anna yasutywa kukufa ngethuba lokuxoxwa kwetyala emveni kokugula, ngenxa yoxinzeleko nentlungu.
Amanye amakhoboka angama-46 anikwa izigwebo ezinzima ezohlukahlukeneyo kuquka ukuvalelwa kwisiqithi saseRobben Island. Uninzi lwala makhoboka ayesuka kwelaseMozambique – esaziwa ngokuba ziiMasbiekers – nawayengawona makhoboka aqotywayo kuwo onke amakhoboka elo xesha. Nangona le mvukelo yayibandakanya amakhoboka azalelwe kweli nabantu abaphuma kwii-East Indies, eYurophu, namaKhoena omthonyama, licacile elokuba owona mhlaba owawuvundile kule mvukelo yayingamakhoboka eMpuma Afrika akumasimi eefama zengqolowa ngenxa yokuba ayewuva umvambo wokuxhatshaswa nenkohlakalo. Amakhoboka asezidolophini wona ayesel' eqalile ukutshintshelwa phantse kuhlobo lwabasebenzi abahlawulwayo ngelilixa amakhoboka asemaphandleni ayephethwe gadalala, ehlaziswa ngenkohlakalo apho kwakungekho nto anayo ngaphandle kwamatyathanga awo. Lo mahluko kwiimeko zokusebenza wahlala ukhona de kwayiNkulungwane yama-20.
IiNkalo zeMvukelo
Eli bali lika-1808 linento yonke eliphupha labadlali beqonga… uluhlu lwabalinganiswa olungummangaliso, uthando, umsindo, ukungaxoli, imeko yemvukelo yehlabathi, ukudibana kweenkcubeko ezohlukahlukeneyo, indawo yentselo ekwakuphekwa kuyo eli yelenqe, ukumangaliseka, ukuququzelelwa ngokufihlakeleyo, intlekele, ibali elihlekisayo, ukungcatshwa, ungquzulwano lwemikhosi, ukuvalelwa nokuncwinwa ngemibuzo, oontaka-mpuku, ingxwabangxwaba yasenkundleni, ukuphuncula entolongweni, ukubulawa ngenkohlakalo, iimeko zamakhoboka kwanomnqweno wokulingana nenkululeko. Ukanti eli bali laliyenye yeemfihleko zembali yoMzantsi Afrika ezagcinwa kakuhle ngenxa yokuba lalinokunika izizukulwana ezalandelayo into yokukhuthaza ukuququzelelwa kwemvukelo.
Ngelilixa yona le mvukelo ‘yee-Jij’ yaphanzayo ekufezekiseni iinjongo zayo, yabangela iinguqu ezinkulu eKapa. Amakhoboka aqalisa ukuvus' iintloko ngakumbi nangakumbi. Abanini bamakhoboka babeqonda ukuba banokucelw' umngeni nokuthi inkqubo yobukhoboka yayingazinzanga. Abasemagunyeni banyanzeleka ukuba bavele neenkqubo zokuphulaphula nokuqubisana nezikhalazo zamakhoboka. Zaya zisanda izenzo ezincinane zamakhoboka zokucel' umngeni yaye kwaqhambuka enye imvukelo ngo-1825. Kwade kwavela nombutho wokupheliswa kobukhoboka phakathi kwabafiki abangabelungu. Imbali ibonisa ukuba uLouis nabanye abavukeli baba nefuthe elingalibalekiyo kwiimeko zobukhoboka ekugqibeleni bashiya nomonakalo eKapa.
Ngelilixa eminye imihla ehlobene nokukhululeka ebukhobokeni, enjengokupheliswa kokurhweba ngamakhoboka ngo-1807 nokubhangiswa kobukhoboka ngo-1834 ibalulekile, le yimihla yemithetho. Ukubhangiswa kobukhoboka kwaqala eneneni ukusebenza ngo-1838 yaye ubukhoboka baya buphela ekugqibeleni ngo-1870 emva kokuba abokugqibela kumakhoboka ebhaso agqiba ixesha lesinyanzelo alisikelweyo.
Iintsuku ezintathu zango-Oktobha 1808 zibalulekile ngenxa yokuba esi yaba sisenzo sobukroti samakhoboka wayefuna inkululeko yawo. Ngexesha apho amagama eenguqu afana nelithi inkululeko, ukulingana nelithi ubumbano ayesoko esemilonyeni yabaninzi, apha eKapa iqela labavukeli abangamakhoboka bavela neyabo intetho besebenzisa amagama anjengala athi ‘Jij’ (wena okanye yena [indoda]) nelithi ‘Sij’ (yena [owasetyhini]) ekuvakaliseni umnqweno wabo wokulingana.
Ngethuba lokuxoxwa kwetyala, amagosa enkundla aba lugcwabevu ngumsindo esakuva ukuba omnye weenkokeli zamakhoboka u-Abraham, waphembelela amanye amakhoboka ngokuthi, “ngomso lo usayo xa iflegi yedabi ebomvu krwe okwegazi iphakanyiswa ube umlo wenkululeko uphelile, nizakutsho nithi xa nithetha nabafazi beenkosi zenu Sij (Yena) nikwiinkosi zenu Jij (Yena).” Lo mlilo wayetyholwa ngokuwuphemba owabangela ukubulawa kuka-Abraham, yayikukuba waphemba umlo wenkululeko nokuthi wathi amakhoboka angasebenzisa amagama okuqhelana nokulingana xa ethetha nabanini bawo. La maganyana ayegqalwa njengesenzo esikhulu sendelelo.
Isicatshulwa esifutshane sika-Abraham van de Kaap kwiingxelo zeNkundla singamanye amazwi acatshulwe ngqo ambalwa amakhoboka aseKapa abalaseleyo, kodwa ahlab' emxholweni. La mazwi amenza waphulukana nobomi bakhe u-Abraham njengoko inkundla yayiwagqala njengobhukuqo-mbuso, ukuphemb’ udushe, nokuphembelela imvukelo yenkohlakalo eyayibizwa ngokuthi 'ingcolile'. Ubunkokeli obabonakaliswa nguLouis kumnqweno wakhe wokukhululeka bamenza waphulukana nobomi bakhe. Mhlawumbi ukususela ekufikeni kwakhe njengosana olulikhoboka eKapa akazange akhe asingcamle isidima nenkululeko awayingcamlayo kwezo ntsuku zimbini zango-Oktobha 1808. Akazange abe nentliziyo kanina xa wayejongene nobizo lokuthatha indawo yakhe kwindlela eya enkululekweni.
Emva kokuxhonywa wakhe umzimba wakhe waqanyangelwa ngamatyathanga de ubole ekuqaleni kwendlela iKoeberg Road kwaye intloko yakhe yaxhonywa kwintonga enentsimbini etsolo ngaphambili, ngelokulumkisa amanye amakhoboka.
ImiThombo eCatshuliweyo
Ibali likaLouis van Mauritius liboniswe kwimiboniso ekwimyuziyam yaseSimon’s Town.
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