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uRichard Moore Rive

Lanita van Niekerk

UTitshala, isiFundiswa & kwanomBhali (1931 – 1989)

URichard Rive wayengumbhali, utitshala nesifundiswa esigqibeleleyo. Ekhuliswe ngunina kuphela eDistrict Six wayesaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi yaye ehlonitshwa ngomsebenzi wakhe. Wayephuma kwisizukulwana sababhali abasebenza ngokubalaseleyo ababephuma kuLuntu lwaseCamissa, olwalubizwa ngokuthi “ngabeBala” luCalu-calulo. Aba bantu babehlala kwiindawo ezazifuduswa ngenkani luCalu-calulo eDistrict Six, eCato Manor naseSophiatown. Ababhali bezi ndawo babequka into zooJames Matthews, oo-Alex la Guma, ooRonney Govender, kwanooDon Mattera.

URichard Moore Rive walibon' ilanga ngomhla woku-1 kuMatshi 1931 kwisitrato iCaledon Street, eDistrict Six ezalwa nguNancy Rive noRichardson Moore, umatiloshe ongu-Afrika waseMerika owathi nqumama kwelaseKapa kangangeenyanga ezintlanu.

URichardson wamshiya uNancy waza wanyamalala ewela ulwandle kwaye akazange aphinde olanywe ngeliso lenyama. URichard Rive nabantwana bakanina bakhulela kwisakhiwo esidala esasibizwa ngokuba yi-Eaton Place eDistrict Six apho udadewabo omdala uGeorgina wayedlala indima enkulu ekumkhuliseni. Walufumana apha ke eDistrict Six uqeqesho uRichard kumahla-ndinyuka obomi awayewabona apha nasekufudusweni ngenkani okwenzeka iminyaka engama-20 ngurhulumente woCalu-calulo.

WayeGqwesa eSikolweni

URive wayehamba isikolo samabanga aphantsi eSt. Mark’s. Xa wayene-12 ubudala, amanqaku akhe aphezulu amenza waxhamla kwingxowa yemfundo kamasipala esiya kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo iTrafalgar. Wayegqwesa kumsebenzi wesikolo nakwimidlalo waza waphumelela amabhaso aliqela ekubeni yimbaleki, ebambe irekhodi laseMzantsi Afrika lokutsiba amanqwanqwa kangangeminyaka eliqela.

URichard wagqiba kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo ngo-1947 yaye kangangexeshana wasebenza njengomabhalana wenkampani encinane, iPhil Morkel. Ngo-1950, wabhalisa kwiKholeji yoQeqesho iHewat waza wathwesw' isidanga kunyaka olandelayo njengotitshala wesiNgesi weSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wawukwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseVasco kodwa emva nje konyaka omnye wangena kwisithuba sokufundisa kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo soMzantsi kaSinga-siqithi apho wasebenza khona phantse iminyaka engama-20. Ngeli xesha, wenyukela phezulu esiba yintloko yeSebe lesiNgesi. Wayekwangumqeqeshi weembaleki, ikakhulu enoxanduva lwezakhono zemidlalo ye-SP ngoo-60.

Kwaba sesikolweni nakwikholeji yokuqeqeshelwa ubutitshala awathi uRichard wakhula umdla kwezepolitiki. Uninzi loogxa bakhe kwanabafundi bakhe bavalw' umlomo, kusithiwa mabangaphumi kumakhaya abo, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala, ukuvalelwa ezintolongweni nokugwintwa ngenxa yokuchasa kwabo uCalu-calulo. Usiba lukaRichard kwanolwimi lwakhe olubukhali lwaba sisixhobo sakhe senkululeko kwaye yile nto eyamenza wanendumasi.

Ngo-1952 ngelilixa wayesebenza njengotitshala, uRichard Rive wabhalisela iBA kwiYunivesithi yaseKapa isisiNgesi esihamba phambili. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe njengotitshala kwamthatha iminyaka elishumi uRichard Rive ngaphambi kokuba athwesw' isidanga ngo-1962.

UKhuthazo kubaFundi

Njengotitshala uRichard waye waduma ngokukhuthaza ukulesa kubafundi bakhe ngokubanika uluhlu loncwadi abafanele balufunde ukuvuselela umdla wabo. Amaxesha amaninzi iincwadi namanqaku awawanika abafundi bakhe ayevaliwe ngookhala bakarhulumente.

Ukhunjulwa njengomntu owayebalasele ebomini oyokozelayo owenza le nto ethandwa nguye nonezimbo ezibusisirha zizizukulwana ngezizukulwana zabafundi abagqitha ezandleni zakhe. Wayengumntu owayegabadele ngokweembono zoluntu ngemihla yakhe. Ngelilixa wayenguphopho kulwimi lukaJoji olusisiNgesi intetho yakhe nendlela aziphethe ngayo yayiyeyodidii olusokolayo lwabasebenzi.

Isakhono sakhe sokusebenzisa uburharha ekubaliseni iintsizi zobomi sasingenambaliso. Eyona ingalibalekileyo ngabalinganiswa bakhe kwincwadi yakhe ethi Buckingham Palace – District Six. Le noveli yahlengahlengiselwa ukudlalwa kumdlalo weqonga yaye kangangeminyaka emininzi yayisetyenziswa kubafundi bezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo.

Ngo-1964 wapapasha inoveli yakhe yokuqala ethi Ixesha likaXakeka (Emergency). Umongo wale noveli wawuyindyikityha yaseSharpeville neziganeko ezalandelayo. Yavalwa phantse kwangoko ngurhulumente wocalu-calulo. Ngeli xesha, wayepapasha amabali akhe kwiMagazini iDrum waza wayishiya incwadi ethi, Intetho yoMlo (Fighting Talk). Ngo-1963 wapapasha incwadi yakhe yamabali amafutshane enomxholo othi iiNgoma zama-Afrika (African Songs). Wakwahlela ingqokelela yemibongo kaHeinemann ethi Udederhu lwamaBali abaBhali abangama-Afrika – IsiNe saBo (African Writers Series - Quartet) – equlethe amabali ka-Alex La Guma, uJames Matthews, u-Alf Wannenburgh nawakhe siqu. Ngo-1964 wahlela ingqokelela yemibongo ethi INtetho ye-Afrika yaMvanje (Modern African Prose).

Ngo-1965, URichard Rive wawongwa ngeNgxowa yokuFunda iFulbright ngokhuthazo luka-Es'kia Mphahlele, umhleli wemagazini iDrum. Nanko ke esiya kwelase-United States ukuya kufunda ngoncwadi lwama-Afrika nolwama-Afrika aseMerika kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia apho wafumana khona isidanga see-Master’s ngo-1966.

Eyona nto eyaba libhongo kakhulu kuye awayifezekisayo njengesifundiswa yaba kukufumana kwakhe isidanga sobuGqirha kwezoBugcisa kwiYunivesithi yase-Oxford e-United Kingdom. Uphando lwakhe lwalungo-Olive Schreiner nencwadi yakhe. Olu phando lwapashwa kamva. Kumsebenzi wakhe omkhulu uRichard Rive wayeyinjingalwazi etyelelayo nomhlohli olindwendwe kwiiyunivesithi ezingaphezu kwama-50 ehlabathini jikelele kumazwekazi amane, kuquka iYunivesithi yaseHarvard ngo-1987.

Incopho kumsebenzi wakhe wokubhala yaba libali lobomi bakhe awalibhalayo elithi UkuBhala Mnyama (Writing Black) eyapapashwa ngo-1981.

Iincwadi ezapapashwa nguRive zaquka ethi IiNcwadi eziTyunjiweyo (Selected Writings) (Ngo-1977), Inkqubela (Advance), Ukunikezela (Retreat) (Ngo-1983) nethi Ixesha likaXakeka liyaQhuba (Emergency Continued) (Ngo-1990). Le yokugqibela yagqitywa nje kwiiveki ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba aye kulala kooyise ngomhla wesi-4 kuJuni 1989.

Into encithayo kukuba xa kanye kuphela ubomi bakhe wayeza kuzimasa ukusungulwa komdlalo wakhe weqonga kwiBaxter Theatre eKapa xa wabulawayo kwiintsuku nje ngaphambi koko. Yayikokokuqala ukuba umsebenzi wakhe — owawuvaliwe iminyaka emininzi kodwa upapashwe uze udlalwe ehlabathini lonke — uhlonitshwe yindawo yemidlalo yeqonga eMzantsi Afrika.

URive wayememe abafana kwikhaya lakhe. Kwavuka umlo waze wahlatywa izihlandlo ezingama-22 ibe waphangwa imbinana yezinto zakhe. Amatyendyana amabini afunyaniswa enetyala aze aphoswa entolongweni.

Ukuwongwa kukaRichard Rive kusaqhuba ngoku sekukudala emva kokubhubha kwakhe yaye wahlonitshwa ngokuba yinxalenye yesizukulwana esisodwa sababhali. Ngomhla wama-23 ku-Agasti 2013 xa iiMbasa zoNcwadi zika-Aziz Hassim zazibanjelwe eThekwini, uRichard Rive (waseDistrict Six), uRonnie Govender (waseCato Manor) kwanoDon Mattera (waseSophiatown), bawongwa ngegalelo labo ekulweni nocalu-calulo ngoncwadi lwabo.

USylvia Vollenhoven noBasil Appollis babhale umdlalo onomlinganiswa omnye ongobomi bakhe othi IliZwi lokuGqibela lomBhali (A Writer’s Last Word). Wadlalwa eWest End eLondon kwiJermyn Street Theatre apho wathiywa igama elitsha elithi IliZwi Lam – UkuYila ngokuTsha iBhotwe laseBuckingham (My Word – Redesigning Buckingham Palace). Iphephandaba elinendumasi enkulu iTimes lawunika iinkwenkwezi ezine lo mdlalo. Wawuyinxalenye wemidlalo yeqonga yaseMzantsi Afrika kunye nemisebenzi kaReza de Wet no-Athol Fugard.

Umbongo kaRichard Rive obizwa ngokuthi Apho kuPhela Khona uMnyama (Where the Rainbow Ends) (ongomnye kwembalwa awayibhalayo) uhlonitshwa kwihlabathi ngokubanzi yaye kuqanjwe nomculo ngawo:

Apho uphela khona umnyama

kuza kubakh' indawo, mntakwethu,
Apho ihlabathi lingacula khona zonk' iintlobo zeengoma,
Kwaye siza kuzicula kunye, mntakwethu,
Wena nam, nangona nje wena ungumlungu, mna ndingenguye.
Iza kuba yingom' elusizi, mntakwethu,
Kuba asisaz' isingqi,
Kwaye sisingq' esinzima ukuba singasifunda.
Kodwa singasifunda, mntakwethu, wena nam.
Akukho singqi kuthiwa sesabant' abantsundu.
Akukho singqi kuthiwa sesabelungu.
Kukho nj' umculo, mntakwethu,
Kwaye ngumcul' esiza kuwucula
Apho kuphela khona umnyama

 

ImiThombo eCatshuliweyo

  • USimon Gikandi, Intyila-lwazi yaseRoutledge yoNcwadi lwama-Afrika (eLondon: eRoutledge, ngo-2009);

  • UBernth Lindfors no-Reinhard Sander, AbaBhali beNkulungwane yamaShumi amaBini baseCaribbean nabaNtsundu base-Afrika (eDetroit: uPhando lukaGale, 1993).

  • UGeoffrey V. Davis, AmaZwi oBulungisa neNgqiqo, UHlelo lukaRodopi, ngo-2003, iphe. 95-100.

  • "URichard (Moore) Rive", IsiChazi-magama soNcwadi lweBali loBomi.

  • UPaul Frailey, "URichard Rive", Blackpast.org, ithathwe ngomhla we-13 ku-Agasti 2014.

  • UStephen Gray, "Ibali loBomi bukaRichard Rive: Uphi na lo unetshamba ongxolayo?” (uhlalutyo lukaRichard Rive: Ibali loBomi eliCala-nye, nguShaun Viljoen; eWits University Press), iMail & Guardian, 4 Oktobha 2013.

  • "Iimbasa zoncwadi zeenkalanzinzi zomZabalazo". IDaily News. 21 Agasti 2013. Ithathwe ngomhla we-19 kuSeptemba 2013.

  • UShaun Viljoen, "URichard Rive: Ibali loBomi eliGoso", uphando lwe-PhDs, kwiYunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand, ngo-2006