uKrotoa
UmGuquleli weelwimi, umXoxi & nomDibanisi wemiHlambi eYalanayo (1642 – 1674)
UKrotoa walibon' ilanga ngo-1642, ezalelwa kwiCamissa yabarhwebi abaseka iZibuko laseKapa. Igama lakhe lithetha intombazana “esisicakakazi sabanye”. Umalume wakhe iNkosi u-Autshumao kunokuthiwa nguye owasungula le ndawo yorhwebo. Wayeyinkokeli yelinye lamaqela ama-Khoe okanye ama-Khoena abizwa ngokuthi ngama-Goringhaicona (abo baye bahola). ICamissa (//Ammi i ssa okanye aManzi aneNcasa) ngumlambo oqukuqela usuka kwiNtaba yeTafile (iHoerikwaggo) uye kungena elwandle eTable Bay. Le yindawo ekwadibana kuyo abaNtu boMgquba neenqanawa ezidlulayo kunxweme loSinga-siqithi weKapa (//Hui !Gaeb).
Iminyaka engama-52 ngaphambi kokugaleleka kukaJan van Riebeeck abantu beli zibuko, abantu ababebizwa ngoomatiloshe ngokuthi ngabaNtu baManzi (Watermans), yohlulwa ibe zizigaba ezintathu. Isigaba sokuqala sophuhliso sasilula kurhwebelwano olwaluphakathi kweenqanawa nabantu bomgquba. Isigaba sesibini sasisemva kokuba iNkosi uXhore yama-Goringhaicona exhwiliwe waza wasiwa eLondon ngo-1613. Ekubuyeni kwakhe kwasetyenziswa indlela esesikweni yokulawula olu rhwebelwano ngomnxibelelanisi – uXhore. Isigaba sesithathu saqala malunga no-1630 xa u-Autshumao wenjenjeya ukuya eJava namaBritani waza wabuyela eKapa. Wancedwa ngamaBritani ekusekeni indawo yorhwebo yabantu bomgquba eyayibandakanya urhwebo olusemthethweni kwanesikhululo semithwalo ukwenzela iinqanawa ezidlulayo. UJan van Riebeeck uyavuma kwincwadi yakhe ukuba lo ka-Autshumao wayeyiqonda mhlophe indima awaba nayo ekusunguleni eli zibuko. Uthi, “UHerrie (u-Autshumao ukutsho) wayesazi ukuba nguye owasungula olu rhwebo…”
UkuDibana neeLwimi eziNinzi
Indawo yaseCamissa yayilizibuko elikhululekileyo nelingekho phantsi kobukholoniyali elikhulayo elalilawulwa ngabantu bomgquba. Ukususela ngo-1600 iinqanawa zemithwalo zaseYurophu zanda ukuya eMpuma yaye zazisima eTable Bay. Zazili-1,071 iinqanawa ezazinabahambi abangaphezu kwama-200,000 ukususela ngo-1600 ezazidlula kweli zibuko eziphumela ngaphandle kuphela, nezazihlala phakathi kweeveki ezi-6 neenyanga ezili-9 zinabasebenzi nabakhweli. Abantu bomgquba eCamissa balishiya elinye iqela baza baqalisa urhwebo olutsha, beququzela, beqhuba inkonzo yonxibelelwano, benceda ukuthezeni imithi yokulungisa iinqanawa, besomba yaye bethengisa ityuwa, besizisa izibonelelo zenyama njalo njalo. Eli zibuko lalinceda iinqanawa eziphuma eNetherlands, eFransi, eNgilani, ePortugal naseDenmark. Yayingathi yindawo engumqwebedu enabantu abasadla ngendeb' endala abangazange ngaphambili banxibelelane nabantu baseYurophu, njengoko kusitshiwo kwezinye zeencwadi zembali zamakholoniyali. Lo yayingumhlaba awazalelwa waza wakhulela kuwo uKrotoa de waneminyaka eli-10 ubudala. Ngenxa yesikhundla esibalulekileyo sikaninalume u-Autshumao, wadibana neelwimi ezininzi kwaneembono ezintsha. Ukrotoa ngokunokwakhe, kusenokwenzeka ngokwengcaciso engembonakalo yakhe, wazalwa ngenxa yobudlelwane obabuphakathi komhambi waseYurophu nowasetyhini ongumKhoe kweli zibuko.
INkumanda ye-VOC uJan van Riebeeck wamthatha njengesicakakazi senkosikazi yakhe, mhlawumbi eqonda ukuba uneziphiwo ezininzi. Kuthethwa ngokuthethwa ke malunga nendlela uKrotoa awaya ngayo kwaVan Riebeeck. Kukho abathi kungenzeka waxhwilwa ngelilixa abanye besithi kungenzeka yaba sisivumelwano phakathi kukaninaLume u-Autshumao noVan Riebeeck.
Inkosikazi kaJan van Riebeeck uMaria de la Quellerie van Riebeeck eyayincinane noko ngeminyaka njengoko yayineminyaka engama-22 ubudala neyafika inomntwana wayo omnye kunye nabatshana ababini ababeziinkedama. UMaria wayekhathazwa yimpilo yaye ekhulelwa phantse yonke iminyaka xa eseKapa, esoloko ephunyelwa zizisu. Waya kulala kobandayo emva kweminyaka emibini emkile eKapa. Ngexesha uKrotoa esebenzela uMaria van Riebeeck isiDatshi sakhe saphucuka kakhulu yaye wayesetyenziswa njengetoliki yeNkumanda. Wachitha iminyaka elishumi yobomi bakhe kunye nabakwa-van Riebeeck yaye emithandathu kule minyaka esebenza njengetoliki ye-VOC, umthunywa nonozakuzaku. Ekuqaleni uJan van Riebeeck wayewuncoma umsebenzi wakhe kodwa kamva waqalisa ukungamthembi wade wamphatha ngolunya. Wayekhala ngelithi uKrotoa “wayetheth' izinto zomqala wakhe” xa etolika, into ethetha ukuthi wayekholelwa ekuthini wayemkhohlisa, ebaxa, emxelela izinto acinga ukuba yena ufuna ukuziva, kunokumxelela inyaniso. Wathi wayelimene-mene elingenakuthenjwa. Ngeli xesha uMalume kaKrotoa u-Autshumao waphathwa njengotshaba ngu-van Riebeeck kwaye abantu bakhe abangabarhwebi baseCamissa babetshatyalaliswa. UKrotoa wakha ubudlelwane phakathi kwakhe nodadewabo owayendele kwiNkosi u-Oedasoa owayenamandla wesizwe sama-Cochoqua.
INto eyayiBalasele
UKrotoa wazibhaqa ephakathi kwesivondoviya senguqu yezentlalo neyezoqoqosho waza wadudulana nalo moya wenguqu, equbisana nawo kakuhle ekubeni wayeyintwazana nje efikisayo phakathi kwamadoda angenalusini. Ezi meko zamfaka kwimeko eyingozi nengaqinisekanga yeepolitiki kwaye wazingqina eyinkalanzinzi kwaye engoyiki ngokoyikiswa kule meko.
Ukubaluleka kwakhe ekuqaleni kokusebenzela amaDatshi eKapa kubonakala kwinto yokuba iNkumanda u-van Riebeeck uqala abhale ngoKrotoa nje imigcana kwincwadi yakhe ngo-1654 xa ethetha – ‘ngentwazana ehlala nathi esisicakakazi sowakwam ukususela ekuqaleni’. Kodwa wandula ithi emveni kokumkhankanya okokuqala kule ngxelo, le Nkumanda ihlabele mgama ikhankanye igama lakhe ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezingama-200 kwizivakalisi ezingama-65 kule ncwadi. UKrotoa wayengumntu obalulekileyo ngalo lonke ixesha uJan van Riebeeck eseCape of Good Hope.
Kwiminyaka yobutsha bakhe uKrotoa ekunye nabakwa-Van Riebeeck wayengomnye wabantwana abathandathu. Aba bantwana yayingunyana kaMaria nabatshana bakhe ababini nezinye iintwazana ezimbini ezazingamakhoboka angama-Arabhu, zingoontanga kuKrotoa, ezanikwa iNkumanda ngoomatiloshe bamaFrentshi.
Emveni kokungathembani kwabo uJan van Riebeeck wasebenzisa enye itoliki engumKhoe, uNommoa okanye uDoman, ukuba izame ‘ukuveza’ uKrotoa. Waphembelela ubutshaba phakathi kwezi toliki zimbini ezazithanda kakhulu ukukhuphisana.
Le misebenzi yabo yayibanceda bazenzele olwabo urhwebo (ikakhulu ngemfuyo) nale into ke yabenza bayinyoka nesele ngamandla. Kungenzeka ukuba uKrotoa wazigqithisela ku-Autshumao iinkomo zakhe ukuba amthengisele.
WayengaXhomekekanga mNtwini & eKrelekrele
Kule minyaka emithandathu eyitoliki uKrotoa wakhulela ekubeni ngowasetyhini owayengaxhomekekanga mntwini kwaye ekrelekrele kakhulu. Intwazana efikisa ebuntwini obukhulu kwakufuneka yomelele kwindawo eyayinamadoda angenalusini ali-140 kwanabemi baseYurophu abali-146 (ngaphandle kwabasetyhini) kunye namakhoboka apho ukhuseleko lwaluyinto ongenakuqiniseka ngayo.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwiNqaba, uKrotoa wazimela ngokufihlakeleyo noninalume yaye wabuyiselwa kwiNqaba emveni kokuba uVan Riebeeck elandele emkhondweni wabo. Xa wayephakathi kweminyaka eli-12 neli-15 wafundiswa ngokubhekele phaya ulwimi, inkolo nenkcubeko yamaDatshi, kungengazizathu zobuntu, kodwa ukuze abe yitoliki nonozakuzaku. Wafumaniseka enengqiqo nobuchule kulo msebenzi xa iNkumanda yamzamayo izihlandlo ezimbalwa. Wathi xa eneminyaka eli-15 le Nkumanda yachaza kwincwadi yayo ukuba wayesenza umsebenzi wokutolika.
Nangona abanye ababhali bezama ukuchaza ukuba uKrotoa wayefana nomntwana okhuliswa ngabakwaVan Riebeeck nokuthi wayengumntu oselula ongumKristu ozinikeleyo akukho kwanto ngokweengxelo ebonisa ukuba kwakunjalo. Ebunyanisweni, izibakala zona zichaza into eyahlukileyo. Akukho kwazinzame ezenziwa ngokaVan Riebeeck ekubhaptizeni uKrotoa kuba yiloo nto kuphela enokwenza agqalwe njengomKristu kwanoMmi. Le nto yayibonisa ukungamkelwa kwakhe kuluntu olungamaDatshi. Kwaisinxibo sakhe sasingafani nesabantu baseYurophu, kodwa wayenxiba njengamakhoboka nezicaka. Wabhaptizwa kuphela ngela xesha abakwaVan Riebeeck babehamba eKapa. Ekubeni wayekrelekrele gqitha wayenokwazi ukuba ukubhaptizwa kwakunomenza axhamle izinto ezithile nokhuseleko. Wabhaptizwa eneminyaka engama-22 ngokuzicelela ngokunokwakhe. AmaDatshi amthiya igama elitsha elingu-Eva. Umsebenzi wakhe njengetoliki enesikhundla esikhethekileyo wavela waphela ngephanyazo kwakunye nomsebenzi wakhe phantsi koJan van Riebeeck.
Iinkokeli ze-VOC ngexesha lokuhamba kukaJan van Riebeeck zalunyukiswa ngaye yile Nkumanda. Kwincwadi yakhe uthi lo mbandela unzulu kakhulu ukuba angawubhala phantsi kodwa awaxele ngomlomo kuphela amanwele anawo ngaye. Wayenukwa ngokunceda abantu bakhe ngenkcazelo neengcebiso ngamacebo athile, ingakumbi ngethuba lemfazwe yokuqala yama-Khoe namaDatshi ka-1659 – 60. UKrotoa wayengumntu oselula okrelekrele nohlab' ekhangele. Inokuba naye wayeqonda ukuba ngenxa yesikhundla esinamandla awayekuso wayenokuphatha inkcazelo ebalulekileyo, izilumkiso neengcebiso ezilulutho eziya kubantu bakhe. UJan van Riebeeck ulenza litsole elokuba le nto yayinokuba injalo.
WayeBambelele kwiziThethe Zakhe
Inkumanda uVan Riebeeck waphawula into yokuba ngokuya wayengumntwana, ngexesha efikisa nanjengoselula othe dlundlu malunga nento ephaya kwisithuba seminyaka eli-12 wayeyikhulula rhoqo ilokhwe yakhe yase-Asiya — ikabaka, isarong nekaparangs — aze avathe ezesintu zamaKhoena (iimfele) nezihombiso xa esiya kumasiko aze abe kunye nabantu bakowabo. Ngandlela zonke wayeyivuyela kwaye enebhongo neqhayiya ngaloo nto.
Ngamaxesha athile uKrotoa wayezifumana ephakathi ko-Eva noKrotoa. Phakathi kokufakwa kubantu baseYurophu kwangaxesha-nye esalelwa ekubeni yinxaleye yamaKhoena. Wayebizwa, anikwe imiyalelo aze yena anike ingxelo kumphathi wakhe, iNkumanda. Wayecelwa ukuba aye kubantu bakhe abuye anike ingxelo. Kwangaxesha-nye lo kaVan Riebeeck wayengafuni ahlale ixesha elide okanye ahambe kungekho mntu ombek' elisweni. Ngamany' amaxesha wayecelwa ukuba aye kubantu bakowabo aze mhlawumbi ababethe ngemf' iphindiwe. Wayelubona ulunya nokuntlokothisa kwale Nkumanda. Yayineemini ethi ibe ligosa le-VOC elinguntamo-lukhuni elalikhusela umdla wenkampani enamandla iphinde ijike ibe linene elimtyibela ngezincomo. Yayilala neli ivuke neli. Njengoko wayekhula wayengasakwazi ukuntlokothiswa nguVan Riebeeck ukuba ufunda incwadi yakhe kwaye kwakufuneka ohlule phakathi kokunyaniseka kwi-VOC nabantu bakhe.
UJan van Riebeeck wayeminyaka engama-37 ubudala ngexesha uKrotoa wayeyitoliki. Lo kaVan Riebeeck wayengumsebenzi we-VOC onesiqu, ephuma impandla, enesithunzi ngenkangeleko, engenalusini owayesuka kusebenza eVietnam kwaye enomkhethe kakhulu kubantu bomgquba. Wayeyindoda enganyanisekanga eyabhaqwa iqhatha i-VOC yaye ezityebisa ngegama layo.
Siba nombono ocacileyo ngesi simo sakhe senkohlakalo xa sithelekisa ingxelo yakhe ephendulayo kwi-VOC emva kotyelelo lwakhe lweentsuku ezili-18 eKapa ngo-1647 ephendula ingxelo eyintloko kaKapteni uJanszens owachitha unyaka eKapa. Le kapteni yabancoma abantu bomgquba isithi ngabantu abalunge kakhulu ekwakheni ubambiswano. UVan Riebeeck yena wayegxeka kwaye wade wayibeka kakubi imeko awayengekho nokubakhona kuyo ngale mbono yakhe igxekayo malunga nesiganeko esasiphakathi kwamadoda athile kaJanzsens nabantu bomgquba, ecel' umngeni indlela (enobulungisa) awasisingatha ngayo lo Kapteni eso siganeko.
IsiCwangciso sikaVan Riebeeck sokuFuduswa kwabaNtu ngeNkani
Kukho ubungqina ngokusuka kwiileta zikaVan Riebeeck ezazisiya kwi-VOC bokuba wayefuna imvume yokufezekisa izicwangciso zakhe zokufudusa abantu bomgquba ngenkani kuSinga-siqithi. UJan van Riebeeck ngunozala wemikhuba eyabangela “ukuFuduswa kwabaNtu ngeNkani” kunye nomthetho “wokuHlaliswa kwabaNtu ngokwamaQela abo” kwimbali yethu.
Bonke ubomi bukaKrotoa babambethwe ngamashwa. Wayephila ubomi bentshontsho. Wayengathenjwa ngamaDatshi nangabantu abohlukahlukeneyo phakathi kwabantu bakhe ababenomdla owahlukileyo. Kwangaxesha-nye, kungenzeka ukuba wayewabona amathuba amaninzi amngqongileyo yaye ngokuqinisekileyo inokuba naye wayenamaphupha amakhulu angawakhe.
Ngamany' amaxesha ngewayonwabile nabantu bakhe ezakuphathwa njengenkosazana kodwa ngamany' amaxesha wayengqongwe ngamadoda aseYurophu awayesenokuba amntyintya ngeenyembezi zikaVitoliya aze achwechwele kumandlalo wakhe ebusuku. Ufanele ukuba wawumkhulu umonakalo kuye ngaphakathi yaye njengaye nawuphina umntu okhe wangena kwiimeko ezilolu hlobo waba namacebo kwaye wandweba.
Izakhono zakhe njengonozakuzaku nomazi weelwimi nazo zaziphethe lukhulu. Kaloku igama elingachananga kwinkampani engachananga linokumzisela isohlwayo nokufa. Olunjani lona uxanduva kwintwazana encinane. Kwakusibakho namaxesha anzima obundlobongela nemfazwe. Ngaphezu kwawo onke la mava, kamva waba ngumama ongendanga oneentsana ezimbini.
Kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela yokufikisa uKrotoa waba nabantwana ababini 'engendanga’ kwiNqaba, into ebonisa ukuba kungenzeka wayexhatshwa njengowasetyhini kule ntlalo igcwele ngamadoda. Iyabonakala imiqondiso yokuba kusenokwenzeka wayexhatshazwa ibe loo nto ifanele ukuba yayihambisana nokufakwa kobhelu lomsele ebomini bakhe.
Le nkalo yamva kumava akhe – utywala ukutsho, yayiza kuba nechaphaza elibi kwikamva lakhe. Kwinqaba nakwintlalo egcwele amadoda aseYurophu, umntwana ongowebala, ummi womgquba nokutsho, wayesenokuba lixhoba kwezi ntshetshewula zamadoda. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala necuba yayiyinkqubo yeNkumanda yokulawula abantu basekuhlaleni kunye nabantwana abangama-400 ababengamakhoboka asuka eNtshona Afrika awafika ngo-1658, egula kwaye esifa. Kuyabonakala ukuba noKrotoa, wayesenziwa mbuna ngotywala necuba awafakwa kuzo ngulo kaVan Riebeeck. Ifanele ukuba yaqala apho ke indlela yakhe eya ekuphalaleni.
UkuBuyela eNdleleni
UKrotoa ingakumbi phakathi ko-1656 no-1662 watyhileka waza wabuyela endleleni. Wayiguqula imeko yokuxhatshazwa nokuntlokothiswa yamsebenzela yena nabantu bakhe. Umgxeki ophambili kaKrotoa yayingulowo wayekhuphisana naye, lowo wayetolika naye kwanomvukeli ocacileyo wamaDatshi, uNommoa okanye uDoman. Wamgxeka ngelithi uthengisa ngabantu bakhe. UKrotoa babengquzulana ngelithi ngubani oyena wayeyitoliki enesakhono ngakumbi waza uDoman wamtyhola ngelokumsusa kulo msebenzi. Bobabini babedyobhana ngaso nasiphina isizathu abasifukamileyo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo uKrotoa wayesenza inkonzo esemagqabini njengetoliki nonozakuzaku kumaDatshi, kodwa wayesenza kwangolo hlobo kwiNkosi u-Oedasoa nakubantu bakhe. Iyavela nakwincwadi kaVan Riebeeck into yokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayethubelezisa inkcazelo yobuntloli kuma-Cochoqua kwimizabalazo yawo echuliweyo kumaDatshi. Inkcazelo yakhe evela kuNkosi u-Oedasoa eyadluliselwa kumaDatshi ngethuba lemfazwe yamaKhoena namaDatshi yabekwa ngendlela elungele ama-Cochoqua. Wakwabonisa ukunyaniseka okukhulu kuninalume u-Autshumao xa wathi waba ngumntu ongamkelekanga ingakumbi kumaDatshi. Yonke le nto yaqatshelwa yaza yayikhankanya iNkumanda uVan Riebeeck.
Ukuze umntu ayiqonde indima kaKrotoa kwimvukelo ufanele ajonge icebo lemvukelo yamaKhoena xa lilonke – elo lathi laphanza ekugqibeleni emva kwemfazwe yesibini yemvukelo yamaKhoena namaDatshi. Icebo lamaKhoena yayikukubagcina ndawonye.
Loo nto itheth' ukugcina amaDatshi angangeni ngaphakathi kwilizwe ngokuval' amazibuko, nokuwagcina exhomekeke kumaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi ngokoqoqosho. Icebo likaJan van Riebeeck lokuphindisa yayikususa loo miqobo nokuvula amajelo onxibelelwano athe ngqo nabo bangaphakathi elizweni ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga okwenza abantu iintlaba-zahlukane ukuze ubawule.
IiyaNtlukwano zamaKhoena
Into eyabangela ukoyiswa kwamaKhoena yaba ziiyantlukwano zawo. Zazintathu iindlela eziphambili zokuqubisana namaDatshi kodwa ngelishwa babekhuphisana kwabodwa. UKrotoa wayidlala indima yakhe ebalulekileyo yokuba lihlakani likaNkosi u-Oedosoa.
Iqhinga lika-Autshumao yayikubek' uxinzelelo kumaDatshi ukuba avaleleke kummandla waseTable Bay aze ahlale exhomekeke kuma-Goringhaicona ngalo lonke urhwebo nomphakathi welizwe. Wade waziduba ngelokuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwamaDatshi nezinye izizwe zamaKhoena lugcinwa luluncinane. U-Autshumao wabhenela nasekuzameni ukoyikisa amaDatshi ngamaNgesi owayesazi ukuba ayawoyika. U-Autshumao neqelana lakhe lamaCamissa, bonganyelwa ngokukhawuleza ngamaDatshi. Ebudeni bemfazwe yokuqala yamaDatshi namaKhoena uVan Riebeeck wabeka imbuyekezo kwiintloko zabo bonke abo babenxulumene nesikhululo sorhwebo samaCamissa/Goringhaicona. Balalelwa baza babulawa nyaa xa bebonke. Ngu-Autshumao kuphela owasindayo kuba wayevalelwe kwisiqithi iRobben Island.
Umaqhingashe wesibini yayinguNommoa okwanguDoman, owafunda lukhulu ngezinto abuthathaka kuzo amaDatshi emva kokuhambela eBatavia (eJakarta) waza wabuyela eKapa. Wasebenzisa iqhinga elifanayo nelo lika-Autshumao, kodwa ngokwahluke kakhulu. Wawabona amaCamissa ka-Authshumao elinani elincinane kakhulu, engengabo oophuma-silwe yaye engenaluqeqesho. UNommoa wayefuna ukuba amaDatshi axhomekeke kuye kuno-Autshumao noKrotoa. Ngoko ke wazama nokwakha umanyano phakathi kwamaGoringhaiqua namaGorachoqua ukuba aqubisane namaDatshi ngokuvan' amandla. Ekugqibeleni isisombululo sakhe yayisesomkhosi njengoko wayecinga ukuba ngokuy' emfazweni, amaDatshi ayeza kurhoxa. Ekhokelwa nguNommoa amaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi aya kwimfazwe yokuqala yamaKhoena namaDatshi ngo-1659 – 1660. kolo ngquzulwano akuzange kubekho ogob' uphondo komnye, kodwa amandla nempembelelo kaNommoa ongxwelerhekileyo yancipha. AmaDatshi azirhwaphilizela ngamandla.
Iqhinga lesithathu lasetyenziswa yiNkosi u-Oedasoa wamaCochoqua. Icebo lokuwagcina ndawonye lenziwa ngendlela eyohluke kakhulu ngento eyayiliqhinga lozakuzo nokuzibek’ esichengeni. U-Oedasoa wayenemihlambi emininzi yeenkomo ngaphandle kwindawo awayengenakufikelela kuyo amaDatshi kwanamandla amakhulu okuwaxhathisa nokuwagcina evaleleke kuSinga-siqithi. Kodwa kwakufuneka asondele kufutshane ukuze aval' amazibuko nokuvula urhwebo oluthe ngqo. Waphinda wajongana nobutshaba bazo zonke izizwe zamaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi. INkosi u-Oedasoa kwafuneka ichul' ukunyathela. Wayefuna ukufaka amaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi phantsi kolawulo lwakhe okanye awarhwebeshele kuye ukuze bamanyane. Ngoko ke wenza ngendlela eyawashiya loo mathuba evulekile.
UkubaHlula-hlula & ukuze abaLawule
U-Oedasoa wayesazi ukuthi ukuba ungena kumhlaba onamaDatshi eze ngoxolo, nokuthi amaqelana amaCochoqua ayesoloko ehlaselwa ngamaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi, amaDatshi ayezakuba sethubeni elihle lobahlula-hlula ukuze abalawule. INkosi u-Oedasoa ngokusebenzisa izakhono zikasibarikazi wakhe uKrotoa, wazama ukuza nesiphakamiso kumaDatshi ekholelwa ekuthini akanakusikhaba. Wenza isiphakamiso sokuzisa iinkomo zakhe nabantu bakhe kuSinga-siqithi apho wayeza kuthi agcine ucwangco phakathi kwawo onke amaKhoena logama nje amaDatshi ayeza kumncedisa kuloo mfuduko waza wabeka nobudlelwane bokurhwebelana ngqo bodwa namaCochoqua. Le nto yayinokwenza amaCochoqua ibe ngawo kuphela igunya kule ngingqi elikhulu nelinamandla ngokoqoqosho kumaKhoena. Ukungqonga amaDatshi ngokwenkolo yakhe kwakuza kuba nempumelelo ekuwagcineni ndawonye.
UKrotoa wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekisweni kweli cebo. Waqala ngokufuya iinkomo ezaneleyo ngelokungcamlisa uVan Riebeeck iinzuzo zoqoqosho anokuzifumana. Wandula ke waququzelela iintlanganiso nezikhakhamela phakathi koJan van Riebeeck namaCochoqua. Waza ekugqibeleni njengetoliki waxoxa kwavokotheka elungiselela amaCochoqua.
Kodwa awuzange uqin' umnqwazi kaVan Riebeeck. Waqalisa ukukuthandabuza ukunyaniseka kukaKrotoa. Wasikhaba isiphakamiso sikaNkosi u-Oedosoa. Waqala ngokufuna amaCochoqua abonakalise ukunyaniseka kumaDatshi ngokuba ngamahlakani awo ekulweni namaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi. Le nto yayiza kufana nokucim' umlilo okwicala lamaDatshi abe engekazukuzifumana iinzuzo zaloo nto u-Oedosoa. Le nkosi yayingesosidenge yaye yakhetha ukuhamba, ixelela uVan Riebeeck ukuba ayizokuba nenxaxheba yona kwimfazwe yakhe namaKhoena akowayo.
UkuFa & noHambo
Uzakuzo nokuzibek’ esichengeni kwamaCochoqua encedwa nguKrotoa lwaphanza ngaloo mini. Umzabalazo ka-Oedosoa waqhubeka nakweminye iminyaka elishumi emva kwexesha likaVan Riebeeck. Noko kunjalo, uKratoa wazibonakalisa yena siqu nokunyaniseka kwakhe ebantwini bakowabo yaye loo nto yaba neziqhamo ezikrakra. Indima yakhe njengetoliki nomthunywa zaphela ngesiquphe nobudlelwane bakhe nomkhuseli wakhe, uJan van Riebeeck, baba krakra. Le nto yayibek' esichengeni indawo yakhe kubantu abangamaDatshi kwiNqaba.
Kukho nje imigca embalwa engoKrotoa kwincwadi yeNkumanda ukususela kweli nqanaba ukuya phambili. Umgca wokugqibela ochaza uKrotoa njengetoliki wawungo-1661. Ngo-1662 iNkumanda nosapho lwayo babesele beza kuyinikela umva iKapa. Ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi eyalandelayo emveni kokuba amaKhoena akuSinga-siqithi oyiswayo, amaDatshi namaCochoqua ayesangquzulana, into leyo ekugqibeleni eyabangela imfazwe yesibini yamaKhoena namaDatshi neyaphelela ekoyisweni kwecebo lamaCochoqua namaKhoena sokuwagcina ndawonye. Ukuthunyelwa kwamahashe (ikhavalri), amajoni angakumbi nemipu kwawabeka ethubeni elihle amaDatshi kule mfazwe. Ukuhambahamba namandla erhuluwa yayingundoqo kwimpumelelo yawo yecebo lokwahlula-hlula abantu ukuze abalawule. Ubomi bukaKrotoa baguquka ngendlela ephawulekayo ngo-1662 xa iNkumanda uVan Riebeeck yemkayo eKapa. Loo nto yangqamana nokufa kukaninalume u-Autshumao, ukufa kukanina nokufa kodadewabo, oyinkosikazi weNkosi u-Oedosoa.
Ejongene nokusutywa kukufa kukaninalume, unina nodadewabo, nokungathenjwa kwakhe okukhulayo ngamaDatshi, ukufa kwabahlobo bakhe abambalwa awayenabo, nesibakala sokuba abaqeshi bakhe abaphambili bakwaVan Riebeeck kwakumbovu ukuba bahambe eKapa, uKrotoa wayedinga ukufumana ukhuseleko oluthile. Kwakufuneka asebenzise zonke izinto azifundileyo ukuze aye phambili.
Walufumana ukhuseleko ekwakukudala elufuna emadolw' anzima ngokucela ukubhaptizwa njengomKristu nangokungena kumtshato ekunokuthiwa yayikuzungul' ichele kunye negosa le-VOC. Ngelilixa abanye abantu baseYurophu babewugatya lo mtshato njengolihlazo, wawuluncedo kungekuphela nje kuKrotoa kodwa nakwi-VOC njengoko wawuyindlela yokulumla uKrotoa eluntwini ngaphandle kokudala isiphithiphithi. I-VOC yayikwazi ukuntlokothisa amagosa ayo enze nantoni eyinqwenelayo ebomini bayo.
UmTshato
Indoda eyamtshatayo yayingumfo ongum-Danish, uPeter Havgardt owathi ngokwenkqubo eyayinyanzeliswa yi-VOC wenziwa umDatshi onguPieter van Meerhof. Waziwa njengogqirha ongumtyandi we-VOC (ngelo xesha ababesaziwa njengee-barber) osika amalungu omzimba. Lo mtshato waba lolunye uhlobo lomsebenzi waza wenza le nkampani yathumela uKrotoa noVan Meerhof ukuya kwenza imisebenzi yayo kwisiqithi iRobben Island… uhlobo oluthile lokubhaca. Oku kwabetha iintaka ezimbini ngelity' elinye – kwamqhawula uKrotoa ekunikeni abantu bakhe inkcazelo kwaza kwamkhupha kwindawo eyayinoosomaqhuzu ababesanda kwindawo apho ubukho bowasetyhini oselula ongumKhoena kwakulihlazo, ingakumbi kwizincwaso zabayeni babo ngexesha laxa abasetyhini babembalwa.
Kwisiqithi iRobben uKrotoa wazala omnye umntwana. Esusiwe ebantwini bakhe nakubomi bakhe kwiNqaba waxhaphazeka nangakumbi. UVan Meerhoff wakha wacela ‘uncedo lwezotyando’ ngaphakathi ngaxalithile kuba uKrotoa wayenzakele. Uthi wayehleli esitulweni, wawa wayokubetheka ngentloko ecaleni kwezitepisi. Waf' isiqaqa kangangeentsuku ezintathu. Ugqirha oweza kumxilonga wafumanisa ukuba uchachambe ukhakhayi lwakhe. Hayi noko umntu akafane onzakale ngolo hlobo xa ewe esesitulweni.
UPieter van Meerhof waye wakruquka sisiqithi saseRobben Island yaye wayeman' ukungabikho kwisiqithi ngamaxesha athile esiya kuhambo oluthile. Emva kokuzala omnye umntwana noKrotoa, waxhakamfula ithuba lokuya kwiphulo lokufuna amakhoboka kwelaseMadagascar yaye ebudeni bolo hambo wasutywa kukufa. Indima yakhe ‘yokuthibaza’ uKrotoa njengomgcini omtsha ‘wesi sicakakazi’, yaphelel' emoyeni, yaye kukho ubungqina bokuba i-VOC yayinezicwangciso zokumbeka kwisikhundla esiphezulu kwelaseMauritius. Umtshato wexesha elifutshane phakathi koPieter noKrotoa waphela phakathi.
UmHlolokazi
Umtshato wabo wahlala nje iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Emva kokubulawa komyeni wakhe, uKrotoa wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele ixeshana. Wakha wazama ukuzifaka kuzo zonke iintlobo zobuYurophu njengokuya wayesekwishumi elivisayo leminyaka. Okokuqala ngqa wayengasesiso ngoku 'isicakakazi.' Kodwa izinto zazingasafani kunakuqala yaye kwakufuneka abe nezakhono ezitsha negunya elalingasekho. UKrotoa wayenabantwana ababini abangakumbi ababegqalwa ‘njengabantwana bentombi’. Wagatywa ngoosomaqhuzu abafikayo waze wanyanzeleka ukuba 'ayazi indawo yakhe' phakathi “kwabaNtsundu abaKhululekileyo” kangangexeshana, ikakhulu amadoda, awayemfunela nje ukusela naye nokwanelisa iinkanuko zawo zesondo.
Ngokusweleka kukaVan Meerhof, bonke ubunzima beminyaka yenkxwaleko nokungazazi icala angakulo babumsinda ngamandla. Ukuba nochatha ekuxhomekekeni etywaleni, mhlawumbi awafakwa kubo esengumntwana, kwambeka engozini yokuphalala. Abantwana bakhe bathathwa kuye, wazingelwa okwenyamakazi, waphoswa kwintolongo ephantsi komhlaba waza wagxothelwa kwisiqithi iRobben Island. Waphinda wenziwa 'isicakakazi' se-VOC neseCawa yamaDatshi. Abantwana bakhe nabo benziwa 'izicaka' zecawa baza bathi abo sebebadala bagcina indawo yoonongogo, abancinane bona banikwa usapho “olungabantu abaNtsundu abaKhululekileyo” lwakwa-Everts.
Ebudeni beli xesha ekwisiqithi iRobben, ngo-1673, umfo othile onguWillem ten Rhijne, umDatshi owayetyelele eKapa, wachaza uKrotoa ngokuthi: “…Wayeyenye nje intlobo yomntu. Wamkela ubuKristu, esikhupha nangeempumlo isiNgesi, isiDatshi, isiFrentshi nesiPhuthukezi wayekwazi nokuncokola ngeziBhalo eziNgcwele... ngamafutshane, wayencomeka kakhulu, eqeqeshwe kubo bonke ubuchule babantu basetyhini aye etshate nomnye woogqirha botyando ababesebenzela inkampani.” Le ngcaciso yohluke mpela kumntu owachazwa liBhunga leCawa nabasemagunyeni be-VOC ngelo xesha.
UmBhali-mbali uKarel Schoeman walatha indlela le mbono kaWillem ten Rhijne namanye amagqabaza amahle awabhalwa ngo-1672 nguJP Cortemunde ohluke ngayo mpela kwiingxelo zeNcwadi yeNkumanda uZacharias Wagenaer ngo-1671 – 74 apho athetha ngoKrotoa ‘njengongene waphelela ebhotileni’ nanjengomntu ‘oziphethe njengonondatshaza’.
UKrotoa wayechul' ukunyathela njengoko wayenobudlelwane nabantu bakhe kwanamaDatshi. Xa kwakufuneka bucace ngakumbi obu budlelwane, ngexesha lemfazwe wazifumana esesiphakathini.
WayeCekiswa ngamaDatshi
Kwakhona wayengummeli wecebo lamaCochoqua lokuyibeka yodwa indawo ehlala amaDatshi nokwakha ubudlelwane borhwebo obulinganayo. Ukubangaba amaKhoena ayephumelele phantsi kwamaCochoqua, iKapa, ebunyanisweni uMzantsi Afrika uphela ngewubalisa mbali yimbi ngoku. Ngenxa yokungaxhomekeki mntwini neendlela awayezisebenzisa, wacekiswa ngamaDatshi, emchasile yaye emphatha njengomngcatshi.
Njengoko wayezibona esiya esiba likheswa wabhenela kwiinyembezi zikaVitoliya kwaye zamsondeza ngokumsondeza kwintlungu yesiphelo sakhe. Wayebizwa ngokuthi “ngumaqhingashe kanomokhwe nonogqwashu” ngabantu ababefudula bemamkela. UKarel Schoeman uthi xa wathi wasweleka, iNcwadi yeNkumanda entsha ye-VOC ithetha ‘ngobomi bakhe obabunamkhwiniba’ yaye ithi ‘ude ekugqibeleni wawucima umlilo wenkanuko yakhe ngokuvela amkele ukufa’. Ingathi le Ncwadi isixelela okuninzi ngombhali wayo kunokusixelela ngoKrotoa.
Kwiminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, kucacile ukuba wayephethwe luxinzeleko oluhlasela umntu emva kwentlekele emveni kweenzingo zeminyaka elishumi yonke, ukuphoxeka nokuxhatshazwa.
UKrotoa owayengumntwana okhululekileyo kwimeko eyonwabisayo kwindawo eyiCamissa, waba namava ezaqhithwi zeenguqu ezeziswa kukuthi finini kwamaDatshi kufuphi nelali yakhe. Njengabantu bezibuko laseCamissa waphetshethwa ngamandla nangamava elo xesha kodwa kodwa waqalisa ukuvela neyakhe indlela yokuvukela emva kokuzibhaqa ekwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kwiminyaka yakhe yokufikisa ebuntwini. Waphuma walandela amathuba akhoyo awayebonakala. Wayengengowasetyhini oselula ofana nabanye lo. Wade waya kulala kobandayo engavumi ukugob' uphondo kwaye eluqalekisa uluntu awayevakalelwa kukuba lwamsebenzisa lwaza lwamxhaphaza.
ILifa
Ngaphandle koKrotoa nenkcazelo awasinika yona, uJan van Riebeeck wayengenakuze anikezele ngenkcazelo enjalo ebubutyebi kubantu bomthonyama beli ifikelele kuthi njengokuba ibhalwe kwiincwadi neeleta zakhe. Eli lilifa elikhulu elenza uKrotoa into engaphezu kwetolitki nonozakuzaku. Wayengumbhali wamaxesha.
Ubomi bukaKrotoa budibene nebali elifihliweyo labantu neziganeko ezehla kwiindonga zoMlambo iCamissa ngoo-1650 nangoo-1660. Ngokujonga ubomi namaxesha kaKrotoa nabanye abantu bakhe bomthonyama namakhoboka elo xesha sifumana into ebilahlekile kangangexesha elide. NjengoMlambo iCamissa esafihlakele ngaphantsi kwesiXeko saseKapa, zinjalo nezizukulwana zabantu baseCamissa. Ukunxibelelana noKrotoa sesinye sezitshixo zokuvula ilifa labemi abaninzi baseMzantsi Afrika nokuphinda sincance amandla kulo khokhokazi omkhulu.
Ngokweelwimi uKrotoa wayenguvulindlela wolwimi lwesiBhulu. UXhore, u-Autshumao, uKrotoa noDoman ababeziitoliki babengabazalisikazi bokuqala xa kwakuzalwa ingxubevange eyavela nolwimi lwesiBhulu. Bona kunye namakhoboka okuqala baba ngabokuqala ukuthetha isuiwer-Nederlands (isiDatshi esisulungekileyo)
bengena nakwisiDatshi saseKapa okanye isiBhulu sesi-Creole.
UKrotoa wayengummi wokuqala womthonyama wase-Afrika ukuguqukela kubuKristu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye wayengummi wokuqala womthomnyana wase-Afrika ukutshata ngokusemthethweni nommi waseYurophu.
AbaNtwana baKhe
Abantwana bakaKrotoa uPieternella van Meerhof noSalomon van Meerhof bathunyelwa ngenqanawa eMauritius ngo-1677 njengezicaka zikaTheuntje Bartholomeus van der Linde nomyeni wakhe uBartholomeus Borns wenqanawa ‘iDe Boode’.
UJacobus van Meerhof, omdala kubantwana bakhe kamva naye wathunyelwa eMauritius kubo. Kamva wabuyiselwa emva eKapa kodwa wafa ngendlela engaziwayo kuhambo olubuyayo.
UKrotoa wayenabo nabanye abantwana ababini ababebizwa ngokuthi ‘ngabantwana bentombi’. Aba yayinguJeronimus no-Anthonij.
Akwaziwa ukuba bona babekwa elugcinweni loobani kwabe kungekho neBhunga leCawa okanye abasemagunyeni kwiNqaba ababezikhathaza ngaba bantwana. Akukho kwanto engabo kwiingxelo. Ekuphela kwengxelo engo-Anthonij kukuba wayelilolo, engatshatanga yaye engenabantwana xa wafayo ngexesha lesifo esingubhubhani wesifo serhashalala ngo-1713. Enye into ekhoyo kukuba u-Anthonij wasebenzisa ifani yakwa-Everts into etheth' ukuthi wakhuliswa ngu-Anne no-Evert waseGuinea, amakhoboka amabini akhululekileyo Ase-Afrika.
UPieternella wayeza kubuyela eKapa nomyeni wakhe uDaniel Saayman emveni kokuba iDutch East India Company (VOC) yemkayo eMauritius. Wafa eneminyaka engama-50 eStellenbosch ngaloo nyaka welishwa wobhubhani werhashalala ngo-1713. UDaniel yena walandulela eli kunyaka olandela lowo.
Izizukulwana zikaKrotoa zinokulandwa kumnombo wabantwana abane kwabasi-8 bakaPetronella, ngeentombi zakwaDiodata e-Indonesia, nezakwaBockelenberg, ezakwa-de Vries nezakwaZaaiman (uZaayman okanye uSaayman) eKapa.
UCatharina Zaaiman wazalwa ngo-1678 eMauritius. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato noRoelof Diodata baze balizwa ngabantwana ababini, u-Elizabeth no-Agnita. Olu sapho lwafuduka ukusuka eMauritius lusiya kuzinza eBatavia (eJakarta).
UMagdalena Zaayman owazalwa ngo-1682 kwelaseMauritius waza wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato noJohannes Bockelenberg kwaye balizwa ngesine sabantwana – uPetronella, uJohannes, u-Anna Elizabeth noSusanna Bocklenberg.
UMaria Martha Maryke Zaaiman owazalwa ngo-1683 eMauritius waze watshata noHendrik Abraham de Vries owayenabantwana aba-4, uDaniel, uJacob, no-Izak de Vries.
UPieter Zaaiman owazalwa ngo-1686 eMauritius waze watshata no-Anna Koopman owayenesi-8 sabantwana – uPieternella, uDaniel, uBartholomeus, u-Engela, uFrancina, uBarend, uCornelis, noChristiaan Zaaiman
Ezi zizukulwana nazo zatshatela kwezinye iintsapho ezininzi zaseMzantsi Afrika yaye kukulamawaka-waka ezizukulwana, ezineefani ezininzi ezohlukahlukeneyo oluthe uluntu lwakudala lwaseCamissa lwamaGoringhaicona lube lusaphila.
Akukho bantwana bakhoyo ngokweengxelo malunga nabanye abantwana abane bakaPieternella. Aba bantwana yayingaba: u-Eva Zaaiman owazalwa ngo-1680 eMauritius nowabhubhela eKapa. UDaniel Zaaiman owazalwa ngo-1692 eMauritius waza waswelekela eKapa.
UJohannes Zaaiman owazalwa ngo-1704 eMauritius waza wasutywa kukufa eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala eKapa. UChristiaan Zaaiman owazalwa ngo-1708 eMauritius waza wabhubha kwiinyanga ezili-9 emva koko eKapa.
ImiThombo eCatshuliweyo
I-HB Thom edt; INcwadi kaJan van Riebeeck ngo-1652 – 1662; ULuntu lukaVan Riebeeck; AA Balkema, eKapa / e-Amsterdam (Ngo-1958) –
U-Anna Jacoba Böeseken; Idayari namagqabantshintshi kavan Zacharias Wagenaer 1662 – 1666; (Ngo-1973) –
U-Anna Jacoba Böeseken; Memoriën en instruction 1657 – 1699; (Ngo-1966) –
UMansell Upham; Wenziwa okanye WoNakaliswa liXesha; www.efamily.
co.za/remarkablewriting/MadeorMarred.pdf –
UKarel Schoeman; UBomi bamaKhoi asiXhenxe; – Iimba zeKapa lenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe; Protea; ePitoli (Ngo-2009)
U-Alan Mountain; AbaNtu bokuQala baseKapa; UDavid Philip; eKapa (Ngo-2003) –
URiaan Voster no-Alan Hall; AManzi eNtaba yeTafile; http://dev.webdesignbytanya.com/hiketm/the-waters-of-table-mountain/ –
UNicolaas Vergunst; I-Hoerikwaggo – Imifanekiso yeNtaba yeTafile; Uvimba weSizwe waseMzantsi Afrika Iziko Myuziyam; eKapa (Ngo-2000) –
UNigel Worden, u-Elizabeth van Heningen, uVivian Bickford-Smith; eKapa; UkwaKhiwa kwesiXeko; uDavid Philip; eKapa (Ngo-1998) –
U-Adrien Delmas & noNigel Penn; Inkcubeko ebhaliweyo ngexesha lobuKholoniyali: I-Afrika neMerika ngoo-1500 – 1900; Inkcubeko ebhaliweyo yamaKhoiKhoi aseKapa – Ukusuka kuhambo lokubhala ukuya 'kwingcagciso epheleleyo; i-UCT Press (Ngo-2011) –
Uhle. lukaWilliam Crooke; iTavanier: Uhambo lwelase-Indiya; inguqu. nguV Ball; (Ngo-1925) –
Umhlekazi uRichard Carnac-Temple; Uhambo lukaPeter Mundy eYurophu nase-Asiya ngo-1608 – 1667; (Ngo-1967) –
UJP Cortemünde; Amahlandinyuka kwiCape of Good Hope; (Ngo-1962) –
UHCV Leibbrandt; IsiShwankathelo soovimba baseCape of Good Hope; INcwadi ka-1662-70, ka-1671-74; WA
URichards & nooNyana (1901, 1902) –
UJohn Cope; UKumkani wooNoqhakancu; UHoward Timmins; eKapa (Ngo-1967) –
URichard Elphick; AmaKhoiKhoi nokuvela koMzantsi Afrika waBelungu; iRaven Press; eRhawutini (Ngo-1985)–
Uhle. lukaSchapera; IsiChazi-magama seMbali yaseMzantsi Afrika: OonoQhakancu bokuQala baseKapa – UWillem ten Rhijne; (Ngo-1933)
IiNdawo eziThile zaMvanje
Indawo yamandulo yeNqaba ye-de Goede Hoop yangexesha likaKrotoa yiGrand Parade. Kwirhangi yomgangatho osezantsi yindawo elondoloziweyo enovimba wamanzi omfula iCamissa njengoko yakhiwa ngamaDatshi ukuze anqande amanzi.
UMlambo iCamissa engaphantsi komhlaba: Lukhona ukhenketho lokubona iCamissa engaphantsi komhlaba.
ICawa yamaDatshi egudle iCamissa kufuphi neNdawo yokuHlala amaKhoboka yaba likhaya lokugqibela awangcwatywa kulo.
Ngelishwa, ngenxa yophando oluntemntem lomHlaziyi wamaKhoi iintsalela zakhe zasuswa ngokomfuziselo kufutshane neCamissa neNqaba yeSANDF eyayingakhiwanga ngexesha lokudla kwakhe amazimba.
Isiqithi iRobben Island: Wagxothelwa kule ndawo amaxesha amaninzi.
