Ubomi Bobukhoboka
Inqanawa yamaDatshi 'yamakhoboka' uLeijdsman efika eMadagascar, ngowe1715. Umfanekiso: C 2246, Oovimba baseNtshona Koloni neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ubukhoboka eKapa buchaphazele amawaka abantu kunye neentsapho zabo. Phakathi kowe-1658 nowe-1807, abantu abangama-63 000 baxhwilwa kumakhaya abo baziswa eKapa njengabasebenzi abanyanzelekileyo bokwandisa indawo yokuhlala yeDutch East India Company (iVOC) kunye nabasemagunyeni bobukoloniyali baseBritane kamva. Abantu ababengamakhoboka eKapa babevela eMadagascar, eMzantsi Asia, eMzantsi-mpuma Asia, eMpuma Afrika, kwaye ngexesha lokuqala le-VOC eKapa, abanye babevela eNtshona Afrika.
Amava aphilwe ngabantu ababhinqileyo abangamakhoboka, amadoda kunye nabantwana eLeeuwenhof anika umboniso wento ekuthethwa ngayo ukuba 'likhoboka' eKapa.
'Amakhoboka' enza eminye yemisebenzi yawo yemihla ngemihla. Indoda elikhoboka ebotshiweyo ingabonwa ngaphambili, ngowe1764. Umfanekiso: M 166, Oovimba baseNtshona Koloni neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ubundlobongela, kokubini ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni, bakhelwa kumava obukhoboka eKapa.
Emva kokwahlulwa ngenkani kwiintsapho zabo kunye nabahlobo kumazwe abo okuzalwa; kwaye bahlukaniswe neenkcubeko zabo, iilwimi kunye neenkolo zabo; abantu abangamakhoboka benziwa 'ipropati' yabanye. Babengenamalungelo kubantwana babo kwaye kungekho ndlela yokubakhusela; babengenakuba ngabanini bepropati; kwaye babengenayo inkululeko yokuzikhethela ukuba bafuna ukusebenzela bani okanye uhlobo lomsebenzi abafuna ukuwenza.
Umsebenzi olikhoboka osebenza efama, ngenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: A 3007, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ukukhula kweKapa njengoqoqosho lwezolimo kwakhiwa kumsebenzi wabantu abangamakhoboka.
Iifama zaseKapa, kubandakanya iLeeuwenhof, kunye neegadi zentengiso, ngowe1820. Umfanekiso: E 263, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
I-Leeuwenhof yaye yanikwa uGuillam Heems kwasekuqaleni ngowe-1693.
UJohannes Zorn wayengumnini obhalisiweyo waseLeeuwenhof phakathi konyaka we-1799 ukuya kowe-1825. Ngowe-1807 wayephethe 'amakhoboka' angama-54 kwaye ngowe-1820 kwakhiwa iindawo zokuhlala 'amakhoboka' eLeeuwenhof. UZorn wayelilungu labantu abakumgangatho ophakamileyo eKapa, obutyebi babo babakhelwe kwimisebenzi yokuxhatshazwa kwabantu abangamakhoboka.
Ingxelo ezigciniweyo zibonisa ukuba 'amakhoboka' aseLeeuwenhof ayevela eBatavia, eBengal, eMacassar, eMadagascar, eMozambique naseMauritius, kunye nabantu abazalelwe ebukhobokeni eKapa.
Isaziso sefandesi 'seKhoboka', ngowe1829. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe loMzantsi Afrika
Abantu abangamakhoboka babebonwa njengempahla yezoqoqosho ekunokubanjiswa, ithengiswe okanye iqeshiselwe inzuzo.
Ukuphela kwenkulungwane ye-18 la 'makhoboka' alandelayo aseLeeuwenhof ayexabisa okanye ethengwa ngala maxabiso alandelayo:
U-Adonis waseKapa - iirixdollars ezingama-300, uPhilida, uJanuwari, uFebruwari, uMaart kunye noEpreli, bonke bevela eMozambique - iirixdollars ezingama-500 emnye, uSimon waseMauritius - iirixdollars ezingama-550, kunye neDomingo waseMozambique - iirixdollars ezingama-743.
"Slaves [at the Cape] were auctioned alongside pieces of household furniture, farm equipment and livestock, the essence of their humanity denied". Tracey Randle, 2017
Izaziso zefandesi 'yamakhoboka', ngowe1801. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe loMzantsi Afrika
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, uZorn wathenga uSimon waseMauritius kuJan Pieter Baumgardt. Wayeza kubhengezwa kwifandesi 'yamakhoboka' efana nale ingentla.
'Amakhoboka' asezifama, ngenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: A 3122, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Umsebenzi wasekhaya nowasefama owawusenziwa ngamakhoboka angabafazi namadoda wawunzima. Kwakufuneka basebenze ngokuqhubekekayo unyaka wonke, lilincinci ixesha lokuphumla.
"I am always working; I need to rest sometimes".
USlammat waseBougies, umsebenzi wasefama owayelikhoboka, ngowe1795
Umsebenzi olikhoboka, ngowe1719. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
Uninzi lwabasebenzi baseLeeuwenhof ababengamakhoboka babengabasebenzi abangamadoda. Ngowe-1816, uZorn wayenabasebenzi abali-15 ababevela eMozambique, eMadagascar naseKapa.
Abasebenzi abangamakhoboka babhula ingqolowa, ngenkulungwane ye18. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
ULouis, uJoseph, uMichel, uFrancois, uMozes, uPero, uEpreli, uPietjie, uJanuwari, uAfrika, uScipio, uSabel, uPatientie, uNovemba noMoses; basebenze iiyure ezinde yonke imihla, besenza umsebenzi onzima nophula umqolo.
Oku kubandakanya ukondla amahashe omninimzi, iinkomo, iibhokhwe kunye neehagu; ukutyala nokugcina izidiliya zakhe nokucinezela iidiliya ukwenza iwayini kunye nokuhlwayela, ukuvuna nokubhula ingqolowa yakhe.
Abasebenzi abangamakhoboka bamfaxanga iidiliya ukwenza iwayini, ngowe1832. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
'Amakhoboka' afanayo anyamekela imidiliya kwaye ecinezela iidiliya, afumana iinxalenye zewayini rhoqo imini yonke. Le nkqubo ye-'dop' okanye ye-tot ezinzisayo yayisekwe kakuhle eKapa ngenkulungwane ye-18.
"The devastating repercussions of this form of labour control through alcohol dependency continues to affect communities into the present".
Tracey Randle, 2017
Umbono ukusuka egadini yaseLeeuwenhof ukuya eKapa, ngowe1710. Umfanekiso: M 1 – 000985 – 01, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ukuhonjiswa kweLeeuwenhof kunye neegadi zentengiso ngekwakukhathalelwe ngabalimi begadi abangamakhoboka. Ngowe-1816 abasebenzi begadi babandakanya uCato noSnap bobabini ababevela eBatavia. UCato wayesele eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala ngelo xesha.
IGreen Market Square, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: A 2999, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Enye yemveliso evela kwigadi yentengiso yaseLeeuwenhof yathengiswa edolophini ngabathengisi ababengamakhoboka ogama linguAzor waseMadagascar noBaatjie waseBatavia.
Inzuzo abayenzileyo ibiyeyomnini wabo.
UAugustus van Bengalen, isicaka esilikhoboka somninikhoboka uHendrik Cloete, ophethe inqawa yakhe, ngowe1788. Umfanekiso: Rijksmuseum.
Ngowe-1816, usapho lukaZorn lwalunamakhoboka asixhenxe 'abafana bendlu'. UFilipu, uFrederik, uWilliam, uCarli, uLouis, uDam kunye noPatientie, owayesele eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala. Babevela eKapa, eBatavia naseBengal.
Babeza kwenza imisebenzi yasekhaya okanye nayiphi na imisebenzi yobuqu eyayifunwa 'ngumnini' wabo.
Laa madoda madala kwafuneka anyamezele ihlazo lokubizwa ngokuba 'yinkwenkwe'.
Usapho olutyebileyo lakwaStorm kunye 'namakhoboka' abo eKapa, ngowe1760. Umfanekiso: iZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseStellenbosch
Ngowe-1816, ukubanjwa kwamakhoboka amakhulu nguZorn kwakuquka abapheki abangamadoda ababini abavela eMauritius ogama linguFrancois noApol, kunye nabaqeqeshi ababini: uSiloa ozalelwe kwalapha ekuhlaleni noPieter waseMadagascar.
UZorn wayekwanabantu abangamakhoboka aphucukileyo. UKhesare waseMadagascar kunye noMey waseBatavia babengabaqingqi-matye. USeptemba waseBatavia wayengumenzi wezihlangu.
Laa madoda kungenzeka ukuba ayengasebenzelanga uZorn kuphela, kodwa iinkonzo zabo zazinokuqeshelwa inzuzo, isenzo esiqhelekileyo eKapa.
Emva kokuba uSeptemba ekhululwe ngowe-1818 izakhono zakhe zokwenza izihlangu zisenokuba zamnceda ukuba akwazi ukuqala ishishini lakhe.
Itayitile yokutshintshela uAdonis waseKapa kuRoosje waseBatavia, ngowe1797. Umfanekiso: NCD 1.38 no 162 p 1, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Isibonelelo sezoqoqosho somsebenzi wobukhoboka sasenzelwe inzuzo ngqo yomnini-khoboka. Oku kuyabonakala kwimeko apho uHendrik Johannes Fehrsen, owayengumnini wangaphambili waseLeeuwenhof, wavuma ukutshintshela 'ikhoboka' lakhe uAdonis waseKapa ozelwe kweli lizwe ukuba lisiwe 'kuMfazi oKhululekileyo', uRoosje waseBatavia ngowe-1797. Imiqathango yayisithi uAdonis kuya kwafuneka aqhubeke nokwenza iimpahla zosapho lukaFehrsen ngaphandle kokufumana intlawulo. URoosje wayengavumelekanga ukuba afumane inzuzo kwizakhono zakhe okanye amthengise. Endaweni yoko, kwafuneka avume ukwenza isibonelelo semali eyimfuneko yokuthenga inkululeko yakhe emva kokubhubha kwakhe.
Abafazi ababengamakhoboka behlamba iimpahla behlamba kumathambeka eNtaba kaZixesha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: A 3015, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Usapho lukaZorn lwalune 'zicakakazi' ezilithoba ezazilusebenzela ngowe-1816. KwakunguSericus waseMauritius owayesele eneminyaka engama-60 ubudala kunye noRegina owayeneminyaka eli-12 kuphela ubudala, uSpasie, uChristina, uSara, uDoortjie, uMarietjie, uDiana noRosina, abo bonke bazalelwa ebukhobokeni kweli lizwe.
UChristina waqhwesha ekuhambeni kwethuba.
Ukuqhwesha yayiyenye indlela yokuchasa ubukhoboka. Ezinye iindlela zokumelana nobukhoboka ngabantu abangamakhoboka zibandakanya utshiso kunye nokuzibulala.
Umntwana olikhoboka owenziwe ukuba athande umfazi womfama ngelixa esela ikofu yakhe, ngowe1806. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
Impatho yabantu abangamakhoboka eKapa yayihluke kakhulu kwaye ixhomekeke 'kubaphathi' babo.
Iimpahla ezibonelelwe ngabanini babo zazahlula ngokucacileyo abantu baseKapa abangamakhoboka kubantu abakhululekileyo. Ngokucacileyo, amadoda angamakhoboka ayengavunyelwa ukuba anxibe izihlangu.
Kwakungekho mthetho ulawula ukutya okunikwa abantu abangamakhoboka de kwangunyaka wowe-1823. Abanye abatyeleli eKapa babhala ukuba uninzi lwabantu abangabakhoboka abanini babo babucala babondlekile, bahlala besitya ukutya okufanayo nabanini babo. Nangona kunjalo, abanye babongondlekanga kangangokuba indlala yabakhokelela ekubeni bazibele ukutya kunye nabantwana babo.
Umsebenzi olikhoboka ongenazihlangu, enxibe iimpahla ezigugileyo, ngenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ngowe1808 undwendwe lwaseRashiya lwabhala,
"the slaves in this colony are kept very poorly - they are dressed in rags, even those who serve at the table of their masters".
Umsebenzi osebenzayo wamaKhoekhoe uxakekile elima; ngabasebenzi abangamakhoboka ngasemva, ngowe1719. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
Kwakukho umahluko omncinci phakathi kwempatho yabantu ababengamakhoboka kunye namaKhoekhoen, awayeqeshwe ngemvumelwano ebhaliweyo kumakoloniyali aseKapa ukuba enze umsebenzi wasekhaya okanye wasefama.
Umthungi olikhoboka, ngenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe loMzantsi Afrika
'Amakhoboka' abhinqileyo kaZorn ayewenzile umsebenzi wasekhaya, ukuthunga, ukupheka, ukuhlamba iimpahla kunye nokugcina abantwana.
Umpheki owayelikhoboka elungisa ukutya, ngenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe loMzantsi Afrika
Yayiyinto eqhelekileyo eKapa ukuba abafazi abangamakhoboka balale kufutshane neziko ekhitshini. Oku kwakusenzeka eLeeuwenhof ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe 'iindawo zokuhlala amakhoboka'. Abafazi ababengamakhoboka, bebodwa ngale ndlela, babesengozini yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo.
Abakhi abangamakhoboka eKapa, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: AG 15689, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ngelixa singawazi amagama abo bonke abantu abangamakhoboka abo babenegalelo ekwakhiweni kwendlu yasebukhosini yaseLeeuwenhof kunye 'neendawo zokuhlala amakhoboka', igalelo labasebenzi babantu abangamakhoboka kwezi zakhiwo zembali kufuneka lihlonitshwe.
Iindawo zokuhlala 'amakhoboka' zazikade zinazo "iibhedi zamakhoboka ezindala ezakhiwe eludongeni [lwe] gumbi lasekhohlo elingasemva" kwaye ekuqaleni zazinazo nezitali.
Umfazi olikhoboka ohlamba impahla ebeleke umntwana wakhe emqolo, ngowe1812. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
Izibini zabantu abatshatileyo ezingamakhoboka kunye nabantwana babo babenokwahlulwa nangaliphi na ixesha njengoko babethengiswa ngokwahlukeneyo komnye. Ezi ziganeko zibuhlungu zonakalisa kakhulu ukuseka ubudlelwane obuhlala buhleli kwaye zadala izithintelo kubantu abangamakhoboka abahlangabezana nobomi bosapho obuzinzileyo.
KweyeThupha kowe-1825 uZorn wathengisa isicakakazi sakhe esigama linguMarietjie, kuP.L. Cloete waseKapa. UMarietjie waseKapa wayihleli eLeeuwenhof iminyaka elithoba ubuncinci kwaye wazala abantwana bakhe abahlanu apho. Intombi yakhe encinci uChristina yangcwatyelwa eLeeuwenhof. Bathathu kuphela abantwana bakhe abathengiswa noMarietjie: uFrans owayeneminyaka emihlanu, uChristiaan owayeneminyaka emithathu noFrits owayeneenyanga ezimbini. Intlungu ebuhlungu awayenayo uMarietjie xa kwakufuneka eshiye ngasemva intombi yakhe eneminyaka esibhozo uCoba ayithelekelelwa.
Abantu abangamakhoboka behamba ngengalo kwiSitalato iStrand, kwinkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: A 3000, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Kwiimbali yonke yobukhoboka eKapa, abantu ababengamakhoboka basungula umanyano kwaye babaneentsapho. Olu bandakanyo lweentsapho lwalubuthathaka kwaye lusesichengeni kwiminqweno nakwizigqibo zabanini bamakhoboka. Zazingophulwa nangaliphi na ixesha, beshiya abantu abangamakhoboka benzakele njengoko babengcungcuthekela abo babathandayo.
Kuphela ukususela ngowe-1823 ukuya phambili apho abantu ababengamakhoboka abhaptizelwa ebuKristwini bavunyelwa ukuba batshate ngokusemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, izibini ezitshatileyo ezingamakhoboka ezingamaSilamsi zafumana isidima kwimitshato yamaSilamsi, nangona iimanyano zabo zazingavunywa ngumthetho.
KweyoMnga ngowe-1799 uZorn noCornelia Theron, umhlolokazi womnini wangaphambili waseLeeuwenhof, uJohan Michiel Elser, bema njengabammeli bosapho lwamakhoboka oluzalelwe eKapa. Babengu 'ikhoboka elikhululiweyo uYakobi', iqabane lakhe, 'uMfazi okhululekileyo' uVictoria, kunye nomntwana wakhe uHendrik. Olu sapho lwalusakuba likhoboka kwafuneka luthembise ukuba bonke bazakubhaptizwa kunye, bangaceli nkxaso mali okanye babe luxanduva kumagunya aseKapa isithuba seminyaka engama-20.
'Umongikazi omanzi' olikhoboka oncancisa usana 'lomnini' wakhe ngelixa umntwana wakhe omncinci ehleli engakhathalelwanga ezinyaweni zakhe, ukuphela kwenkulungwane ye18. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe loMzantsi Afrika
Imizimba yabasetyhini abangamakhoboka yayiyeyebanini babo, nangona benamaqabane abo kunye nabantwana.
Abasetyhini abangamakhoboka benziwa ukuba bancancise kwaye babakhathalele abantwana babanini babo ngelixa banyanzelwa ukuba bangakhathaleli inkathalo kunye neemfuno zabantwana babo. Kwakukwakho neziganeko apho 'iinkosi' zabo zazibanyanzela ukuba babelane ngesondo kunye nezithembiso zobuxoki zenkululeko yabo neyabantwana babo. Ngale ndlela kunye nezinye iindlela, abafazi abangamakhoboka babesemngciphekweni wokuxhatshazwa ngokwasengqondweni nangokwasemzimbeni kubo bobabini inkosikazi yendlu kunye namaqabane abo. Iindleko zengqondo zala mava abuhlungu kubo kunye nesiphumo esibuhlungu sokuzalwa kubantwana babo akunakulinganiswa.
Izizukulwana ezibini zenzala yabasetyhini yabantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili kwinkulungwane yama20. Amagama abo ayengabhaliswanga. Umfanekiso: IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseStellenbosch
Ngalo lonke ixesha lobukhoboka eKapa, akukho nanye indoda - eyayilikhoboka okanye ikhululekile - yafunyanwa inetyala lokudlwengulwa komfazi olikhoboka.
Iziphumo zokuhlaselwa ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwesondo kwabasetyhini abangamakhoboka ziyaqhubekeka ukubonakalisa kuluntu lwethu ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla ngamanqanaba angathethekiyo obundlobongela obusekelwe kwisini.
Ukubhaliswa kosana oluyindoda oluzelwe kwalapha ekhaya 'njengepropathi' 'yomnini' wakhe, ngowe1826. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
Abantwana abazalelwe kumakhoboka abasetyhini, kubandakanya nabantwana abazelwe ngumnini-khoboka, bazalelwa ebukhobokeni kwaye bathathwa njengempahla 'yomnini' wabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umnini-khoboka watshata umfazi olikhoboka okanye wamkela umntwana ngokusemthethweni, imeko yakhe nabantwana bakhe yayiza kutshintsha ukusuka ebukhobokeni kuye kokhululekileyo.
Ngokungafaniyo noomama babo, ootata abangamakhoboka babantwana babengadweliswanga kumaxwebhu asemthethweni, omnye umqondiso wokuba amagosa amakoloniyali kunye nabaphathi bamakhoboka babengabamkeli okanye babuhlonele ubomi bosapho babantu abangamakhoboka.
Umama olikhoboka kunye nosana, ngenkulungwane ye19. Umfanekiso: OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Kwazalwa abantwana abangamakhoboka abangama-20 eLeeuwenhof Estate phakathi konyaka we-1816 nowe-1833. Babonwa njengepropati esemthethweni kaJohannes Zorn kwaye kamva umhlolokazi wakhe uCatharina Christina Scheller: Amagama abo yayinguPierre, uSaartjie, uLena, uCoba, uAdriaan, uChristina, uIsaac, uAlbert, uYakobi, uFrans, uChristiaan, uCarolina, uRam, uLucrees, uLouisa, uElias, uFrits, uSara, uThomas, noRegina.
UWilliam waseKapa wayengomnye wabantwana abaninzi ababengamakhoboka abavinjelwa ubuntwana obuqhelekileyo, besebenza njenge 'nkwenkwe yendlu' eLeeuwenhof ukusukela kwiminyaka elishumi.
UAnna de Koningh. Umfanekiso: E 313, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ukusukela kwiintsuku zokuqala zokuzinza eKapa kude kube yinkulungwane ye-18 kwakukho imitshato exubileyo phakathi kwabasetyhini ababekhululwe njengamakhoboka kunye namadoda angamaYurophu. Uluhlu lomlibo kwiintsapho ezininzi zaseMzantsi Afrika lukhule kolu manyano.
U-Anna de Koningh wazalelwa ebukhobokeni eBatavia kwaye wafika eKapa kunye nomama wakhe owayelikhoboka, uAngela waseBengal, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-17. Ngowe-1678 uAnna watshata noOloff Bergh owayeligosa elaziwayo leVOC. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uAnna waba 'ngumnini-khoboka' ngokwakhe kwaye ngexesha lokufa kwakhe wayebhalwe 'njengomnini wamakhoboka' angama-27.
UJohanna Magdalena Bergh, intombi kaAnna noOlof, watshata noDaniel Godfried Carnspeck owayengumnini weLeeuwenhof ukusukela ngowe-1740 ukubheka phambili.
Le ntombi yomntu owayesakuba likhoboka yalima eLeeuwenhof iminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokubhubha komyeni wakhe.
UAnna, ngentombi yakhe uJohanna Magdalena kunye nabanye abantwana bakhe abalishumi elinanye, waba ngomnye woomakhwekhwetha belizwe apho uninzi lwabantu boMzantsi Afrika banokuthi balandele umnombo wabo.
Iposta yeNkulungwane ye19 "YamaGorha okuPheliswa koRhwebo ngamaKhoboka". Umfanekiso: Igalari yeSizwe yeMifanekiso, iWikimedia Commons
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye18 yezoqoqosho, amaphulo okunceda abantu, iingxoxo zonqulo ezithandabuzayo ngokuziphatha kobukhoboka, kunye nokukhula kokuchasana kumakhoboka zaba zizinto eziqhubela phambili iinzame zamazwe ehlabathi zokuphelisa ubukhoboka.
Ababhangisi bahlala besebenzisa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo enje ngalo mntwana urhuqelwa kude kunina kwifandesi 'yamakhoboka' ukubonisa inkohlakalo yokurhweba ngabantu eluntwini. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi ylSizwe yoMzantsi Afrika
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo1760 abalweli bamalungelo oluntu baseBhritane, abezokunceda kunye neenkokheli zenkolo balwa umlo omde, onzima wokuphelisa ubukhoboka. Abaxhasi bobukhoboka bapeyinta umfanekiso wobuxoki wabasebenzi kunye nabakhonzi abaphetheke kakuhle. Ngokwabo urhwebo olunengeniso ebantwini lwalubalulekile kuqoqosho lwaseBhritane.
UOlaudah Equiano wayelikhoboka njengomntwana eBukumkanini baseBenin (ngoku esemazantsi eNigeria) kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba asebenzele abaphethe amakhoboka ahlukeneyo phambi kokuba athenge inkululeko yakhe ngowe1766. Ngeminyaka yoo1780 wayengumbhali ehlala eLondon kwaye wayelilizwi eliphambili phakathi kwababhangisi baseBritani. Wapapasha enye yeakhawunti ezimbalwa zokuba ngamakhoboka. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi laseBritane, iWikimedia Commons
Ngenxa yeenzame zababhangisi uluvo olunamandla oluchasene nobukhoboka laphuhliswa eBritane. AmaAfrika ayengamakhoboka njengoOlaudah Equiano owayehlala eBritane wagxininisa ubundlobongela kunye nezoyikiso zobukhoboka ngokwabelana ngamava abo. Abanye bathi urhwebo lwamakhoboka lwalungasasebenzi kwaye lwaluza kuba nengeniso encinci kunangaphambili.
"Amakhoboka. Ukubonisa indlela yokuBabopha". Umfanekiso: M 375, Uvimba-mpepha weNtshona Koloni neeNkonzo zeRekhodi
Ekugqibeleni inkxaso yoluntu eBritane yokupheliswa kobukhoboka yaba namandla kangangokuba yayingasayi kunganakwa kwaye ngowe1807, iPalamente yaseBhritane ekugqibeleni yapasisa uMthetho wokuPheliswa koRhwebo lwamaKhoboka.
UMthetho awuzange ubuphelise ubukhoboka - kuphela urhwebo ngamakhoboka. Abantu ababengamakhoboka babengekakhululeki, kwaye izibonelelo zoqoqosho zobukhoboka zaqhubeka kubanini bamakhoboka. Ukurhweba ngamakhoboka ngokungekho mthethweni nako kwaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka ngaphezulu.
Ukubhaliswa komntu ozelwe ebukhobokeni eKapa 'njengepropati' 'yomnini' wakhe. Umfanekiso: IPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika
Ngowe1807 iKapa lalisele liyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseBhritane kwaye ke laye laphenjelelwa zizigqibo ezenziwa eLondon. Ukuvalwa kweBhritane kurhwebo lwamakhoboka kwakuthetha ukuba akukho bantu bangamakhoboka abanokuthunyelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba basebenze eKapa. Abo sele bengamakhoboka apha, kunye nabantwana babo abasandul 'ukuzalwa bahlala 'beyipropati' 'yabanin'i babo kwaye basengathengiswa.
Ummiselo we19 wowe1826. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi ylSizwe yoMzantsi Afrika
Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo iBhritane yazisa ngeminye imithetho yokuphucula ubomi bekhoboka laseKapa (imithetho yokuphucula) kunye neemeko eziphuculweyo kwabanye.
Abanye abaphethe amakhoboka bazityeshele ezi nguqu kunye nemithetho yokukhusela amakhoboka kwaye baqhubeka nokuphatha kakubi 'amakhoboka' abo. Ngelixa abanye abantu abangamakhoboka besenza izikhalazo zomthetho malunga 'nabanini' babo, uninzi alukwazanga ukuxela impatho-mbi yabo kuMkhuseli noMgcini wamaKhoboka obekwe ngurhulumente wobukoloniyali.
Umzekeliso wenkulungwane ye19 obonisa inkululeko. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi leSizwe yoMzantsi Afrika
Ukuphela kobukhoboka eKapa kwaba sisiphumo sesigqibo sangaphandle ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwaye kwakukho inkxaso incinci evela kubaphathi bamakhoboka basekhaya ekupheliseni ubukhoboka. Endaweni yoko, bachasa ngamandla nawaphina amanyathelo okuphucula kunye nenkululeko.
Ababhangisi ngokungagungqiyo bacenga ukuba kuphele ubukhoboka ngelixa uxhathiso, imvukelo kunye nemvukelo yamakhoboka ziqina.
Abanye abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo waseBhritane baxhasa amalungelo oluntu aphefumlelwe kukuKhanya kunye nohlaziyo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ubukhoboka kungekudala buza kuncipha ngokuncipha kokulindelwa kwenkqubo yokulima. Ukudityaniswa kwezi zinto ekugqibeleni kukhokelele kutshintsho lomthetho ukuphelisa inkqubo yakudala yobukhoboka.
"Ukhenketho kumsitho wenkululeko yamakhoboka, eKapa". Umfanekiso: E 3303, Uvimba-mpepha weNtshona Koloni neeNkonzo zeRekhodi
Ubukhoboka buye ekugqibeleni ababikhosemthethweni xa uMthetho wokuPheliswa kobuKhoboka wapasiswa yiPalamente yaseBhritane ngowe1833. Ngomhla woku1 kweyoMnga ngowe1834 abantu basekuhlaleni ababengamakhoboka bakhululwa ebukhobokeni. Nangona kunjalo, benziwa ukuba basebenze iminyaka emine 'yokufunda' (ngegama kuphela). Oku kwakhusela umdla wabanini bamakhoboka kunokuba babenze abo 'bakhululiweyo' abo ubukhoboka babo buye bandiswa de kwangowe1838.
Kwabanye abantu ababengamakhoboka, njengoNovemba waseKapa owayelikhoboka eLeeuwenhof, inkululeko yeza emva kwexesha. Usweleke eneminyaka engama-63 kwiinyanga nje ezine ngaphambi kokukhululwa.
Indlu yaseLeeuwenhof nesidiliya, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama20. Umfanekiso: E 8460, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Emva kokukhululwa, abo babekhe baba ngamakhoboka eLeeuwenhof kufuneka babenethemba lekamva eliqaqambileyo. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuphela 'kokufundela kwabo umsebenzi' uninzi lwabantu baseKapa ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili bakhululwa kwintlupheko.
Abasebenzi basezifama, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama20. Umfanekiso: IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseWorcester
Nangona abo babephethe amakhoboka bafumana imbuyekezo eBritani, akukho namnye kubantu ababesakuba ngamakhoboka owafumana nayiphi na inkxaso ukuze aqale ubomi 'obutsha'. Oku kubashiye benokhetho oluncinci, kodwa ukuzibandakanya nezikhululo zeemishini okanye ukuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi bemivuzo kwiimeko ezifanayo nezangaphambili.
IManisa ngowe1914, Cape Times Weekly Edition. Umfanekiso: Ithala leencwadi loMzantsi Afrika
"…after [emancipation] we would hire ourselves to a good ['master']; and that's where it was good to be free".
Manisa of the Cape, 1914.
Uninzi lwabasetyhini ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili baya kwiindawo ngeendawo bezama ukufumana abantwana babo kunye namanye amalungu osapho abathe bathengiswa kude nabo. Ezinye iintsapho zazinethamsanqa lokuphinda zimanyane kodwa ezinzi zazingenjalo.
UAnna Thembo kunye noHenrietta Schreiner. Umfanekiso: IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseWorcester
Abanye babo babengamakhoboka kunye nenzala yabo iza kunikela ngobomi bayo ekuncedeni uluntu lwayo kunye nabasweleyo eKapa. UAnna 'Udade Nannie' Thembo (naye owayenguTempo) wayeyintombi yabazali ababefudula bengamakhoboka baseMozambiki. Ukusukela ngowe1914 uAnna wanceda amakhosikazi namantombazana asweleyo eKapa. Ekugqibeleni wavula iKhaya lokuHlangulwa lukaDade Nannie lwamaNtombazana angenaMakhaya kwaye aBangenabahlobo apho banikwa indawo yokuhlala kwaye bahlamba iimpahla ukuze bahlawule iindleko ngelixa befuna umsebenzi 'njengabasebenzi' basekhaya. "I-Nannie-huis" yaba sisibane sethemba kwabaninzi embindini wedolophu de kwafuneka ifudukele eAthlone ngowe1960.
Umenzi wekhabhinethi ongachazwanga ngegama, ePlumstead. Umfanekiso: AG 13253, OoVimba beNtshona Koloni kunye neNkonzo yeeRekhodi
Ucalucalulo ekuhlaleni lwalukho phakathi kwabo babekade bengamakhoboka kunye nabanezakhono ezibekwe ngcono ukudala iimeko zokuphila ezingcono kubo nakwiintsapho zabo. La yayingamadoda awayenezakhono ezifana nokwakha amatye, ukwenza izihlangu, ukuthunga iimpahla, ukwenza iikhabhathi kunye nokuchwela, abathi bafudukela ezindlwaneni ezidolophini ukuyokuziqalela amashishini abo. Uninzi lwaye lwaphumelela, kodwa kumashumi eminyaka kamva iintsapho zabo zaza kuphinda ziqhekezwe ngoCalucalulo lokususwa ngenkani.
Amagama aba bantu babengamakhoboka ayengabhalwanga. Iifoto zabo zazibhalwe nje, "owayesakuba likhoboka" owayengumongikazi wabantwana bakaJohn Ross "kunye" nekhoboka "elikhululekileyo elidala." Imifanekiso: AG 12834 & AG 4653, IiNkonzo zoLondolozo lweeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo eNtshona Koloni
Intlukwano enkulu ekuhlaleni yayikho eKapa phakathi kwabantu ababengamakhoboka nabo babengengawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkcukacha zobukhoboka zazingafane zibhalwe njengoko zazingabalulekanga kangako kuninzi lwamagosa amakoloniyali nakubantu abakhululekileyo. Kuncinci okutshintshileyo koku emva kwenkululeko. Okwangoku asazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwabo babesakuba ngamakhoboka eLeeuwenhof. Kwixesha elizayo sinokufunda okungakumbi malunga nabo kumabali ekusenokwenzeka ukuba adluliselwe kwiintsapho zabo, okanye olunye uphando.